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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA variables measured from the paintings of controls - a) Colours b) structure. Appendix 2 Table 20: Correlation for DAPA variables measured from the paintings of personality disorder - a) Colours b) structure. Appendix 2 Chapter 6 Discussion Table 1: Summary table of results. 249 Table 2: Interpretations of the use of colour in artistic production, taken from S.P.Amos. 251 Figures 3a-e: Map of associations between colour variables measured between diagnostic groups from the results of the DAPA test. 252 Figures 4a-e: Map of association of structural variables measured between diagnostic groups using the DAPA test. 262 Illustration: example of use of grid system with marked score for 'red'. 171 xii
List of Abbreviations Am. Assn. Art Therapists American Association of Art Therapists (AAAT) Am. American Am. Educational Research J. American Educational Research Journal Am. J. Art Therapy Am. J. Psychotherapy American Journal of Psychotherapy Art Psychotherapy The Arts in Psychotherapy B. J. Psychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry Bull. Art Therapy Bulletin of Art Therapy British Assn. Art Therapists (BAAT) British Association of Art Therapists Canadian Psychol. Canadian Psychologist CDAT Comparitive Description of Artwork Test DAPA Descriptive Assessment for Psychiatric Artwork DAP Draw-A-Person (used in drawing tests) DDS Diagnostic Drawing Series HFD Human Figure Drawing HTP House-Tree-Person (used in drawing tests) Int. International J. Journal J. of the Am. Academy of Psychoanalysis Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis J. Am. Psychoanalytic Assessment Journal of American Psychoanalytic Assessment J. Clin. Psychol. Journal of Clinical Psychology. J. Exp.l Psychol. Journal of Experimental Psychology J. Gen. Psychol. Journal of General Psychology. J. Nervous Mental Dis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease J. Pers. Assess. Journal of Personality Assessment J. Sch. Psychol. Journal of School Psychology Percep. Motor Skills Perceptual and Motor Skills Psycholog. Bull. Psyhological Bulletin Psychol. Mon. Psychological Monographs. WHO World Health Organisation xiii
Page 1: The psychopathology of everyday art
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
Page 6 and 7: List of Illustrations, Figures and
Page 8 and 9: quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
Page 10 and 11: Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
Page 16 and 17: concludes on the effectiveness of t
Page 18 and 19: or drawing progresses, relationship
Page 20 and 21: The link between genius as a produc
Page 22 and 23: again by a multidisciplinary team w
Page 24 and 25: theoretical foundation relating art
Page 26 and 27: the content of which was seemingly
Page 28 and 29: approach. Some of the major critici
Page 30 and 31: Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
Page 32 and 33: molar level and not by individual e
Page 34 and 35: Attempts to lists characteristics o
Page 36 and 37: tests are still popular in assessme
Page 38 and 39: investigation of artwork, but few h
Page 40 and 41: expressions of a disordered psyche.
Page 42 and 43: own paintings, or on interpretation
Page 44 and 45: pointing to integrative or global j
Page 46 and 47: Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
Page 48 and 49: etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
Page 50 and 51: a major proportion of the study mat
Page 52 and 53: psychopathology, something which is
Page 54 and 55: 3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
Page 56 and 57: social/developmental energy theorie
Page 58 and 59: advanced from all types of papers b
Page 60 and 61: Art therapists begin their career f
Page 62 and 63:
talent and therefore do not fit in
Page 64 and 65:
2. Research studies There were two
Page 66 and 67:
Method of study or description of t
Page 68 and 69:
olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
Page 70 and 71:
form of this expression and how it
Page 72 and 73:
Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
Page 78 and 79:
correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
Page 88 and 89:
(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
Page 126 and 127:
etween grades of the same diagnosis
Page 128 and 129:
personally expressive images than '
Page 130 and 131:
to trees (52); size of figure (75);
Page 132 and 133:
Table 4: reliability statistics and
Page 134 and 135:
Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
Page 138 and 139:
Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
Page 140 and 141:
Colour Table 7: reliability statist
Page 142 and 143:
number of colours. Furthermore with
Page 144 and 145:
subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
Page 148 and 149:
Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
Page 156 and 157:
(including schizophrenics) against
Page 158 and 159:
The studies are difficult to sum up
Page 160 and 161:
indicate greater agreement (even th
Page 162 and 163:
Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
Page 164 and 165:
of drawing areas and to quantify wh
Page 166 and 167:
Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
Page 168 and 169:
techniques which compensate for unr
Page 170 and 171:
drawing evaluation with comments fr
Page 172 and 173:
There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
Page 176 and 177:
The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
Page 178 and 179:
Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
Page 182 and 183:
Case study and controlled research
Page 184 and 185:
potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
Page 188 and 189:
specific areas of positivity could
Page 190 and 191:
Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
Page 192 and 193:
Table 2: Summary table of expected
Page 194 and 195:
Previous methods of assessing atomi
Page 196 and 197:
cases as to whether informed consen
Page 198 and 199:
It was decided to use a large mixed
Page 200 and 201:
paintings was not reliable enough t
Page 202 and 203:
computed on any of these levels. Gr
Page 204 and 205:
The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
Page 206 and 207:
The extremes of the distribution fo
Page 208 and 209:
The difficulty with using t-tests i
Page 210 and 211:
addition it leaves out other variab
Page 212 and 213:
nebulous for reasonable conclusions
Page 214 and 215:
identified were included in the stu
Page 216 and 217:
DISCUSSION • The validity of the
Page 218 and 219:
and the test used terminology which
Page 220 and 221:
How the data were structured Althou
Page 222 and 223:
How well does the method agree? Tab
Page 224 and 225:
- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
Page 226 and 227:
Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
Page 228 and 229:
All of the scales were understood b
Page 230 and 231:
Table 1: Demographics for experimen
Page 232 and 233:
classify, even as in and out patien
Page 234 and 235:
score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
Page 238 and 239:
Results Interaction effects: The me
Page 240 and 241:
was no evidence of impoverishment f
Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
Page 260 and 261:
proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
Page 264 and 265:
function contributed significantly
Page 266 and 267:
the discriminant analysis. It will
Page 268 and 269:
Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
Page 270 and 271:
Table 15: showing correlations betw
Page 272 and 273:
2. Intensity showed a correlation o
Page 274 and 275:
quality and reliability of their me
Page 276 and 277:
as being unreliable, would be metho
Page 278 and 279:
There would be a correlation betwee
Page 280 and 281:
Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
Page 282 and 283:
Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
Page 284 and 285:
The DAPA results for depression are
Page 286 and 287:
abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
Page 288 and 289:
Control pictures showed the only as
Page 290 and 291:
yellow Structural variables Figures
Page 292 and 293:
directly, to answer this question.
Page 294 and 295:
yellow and green, its removal would
Page 296 and 297:
Schizophrenics used little colour e
Page 298 and 299:
directly to the environment; assess
Page 300 and 301:
influence on apparent negativity. W
Page 302 and 303:
ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
Page 304 and 305:
Supporting this point, the focus ar
Page 306 and 307:
Several kinds of difficulties were
Page 308 and 309:
portraiture, so it is difficult to
Page 310 and 311:
1, as generally the scores for schi
Page 312 and 313:
numbers resulted in differentiation
Page 314 and 315:
at or above the usual level. Person
Page 316 and 317:
size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
Page 318 and 319:
sets had all the identified high ef
Page 320 and 321:
hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
Page 322 and 323:
eliability of the test and shows th
Page 324 and 325:
Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
Page 326 and 327:
probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
Page 332 and 333:
statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335:
psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337:
6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339:
Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341:
Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345:
6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347:
Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 354 and 355:
Table 4: summarising changes or sig
Page 356 and 357:
Table 6: summarising changes or sig
Page 358 and 359:
13 22y. male Violence and substance
Page 360 and 361:
Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
Page 362 and 363:
Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
Page 364 and 365:
Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
Page 366 and 367:
Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
Page 368 and 369:
Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
Page 370 and 371:
-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
Page 374 and 375:
c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
Page 376 and 377:
Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
Page 378 and 379:
connection from victim to victimize
Page 380 and 381:
Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383:
Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385:
Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
Page 386 and 387:
Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
Page 388 and 389:
10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391:
Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
Page 392 and 393:
psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395:
Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
Page 396 and 397:
D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399:
INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
Page 400 and 401:
SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
Page 402 and 403:
Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
Page 404 and 405:
Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
Page 406 and 407:
D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 408 and 409:
Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
Page 410 and 411:
Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
Page 412 and 413:
Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
Page 414 and 415:
North Staffordshire Health Authorit
Page 416 and 417:
Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
Page 418 and 419:
Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
Page 422 and 423:
V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427:
Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431:
Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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