Siegel, L. (1988), <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> mural and metaphor with a schizophrenic population for recovery in a trauma situation, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.9:40-53. Simon, E.G. (1989), An <strong>art</strong> therapy approach to dream interpretation, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.10:51-60. Simon, R.M. (1975), Art: a strategic and empirical therapy? Confinia Psychiatrica , V.18(3)::174-182. Simon, R. (1974), Pictorial style as a means <strong>of</strong> communication, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jul., V.13(4):275- 292. Sizemore, C.C. (1986), "On my life with multiple personalities": comments by Chris Costner Sizemore, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Mar., V.3(1):18-20. Sladyk, K. (1992), Traumatic brain injury, behavioral disorder, and group treatment, Am. J. Occupational <strong>The</strong>rapy , Mar., V.46(3):267-270. Slap, J.W. (1976), A note <strong>of</strong> the drawing <strong>of</strong> dream details, Psychoanalytic Qu<strong>art</strong>erly , V.45(3):455-6. Smith, D.D. (1983), <strong>The</strong> <strong>art</strong> evaluation: a triage function on a psychiatric emergency admissions unit, Arts in Psychotherapy , Fall, V.10(3):187-195. Smith, G.M. (1985), <strong>The</strong> Collaborative Drawing Technique, J. Personality Assessment , Dec., V.49(6):582-5. Spitz, E.H. (1989), <strong>The</strong> world <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> and the <strong>art</strong>ful world: some common fantasies in creativity and <strong>psychopathology</strong>, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.16(4):243-251. Strand, S. (1990), Counteracting isolation: group <strong>art</strong> therapy for people with learning difficulties, Group Analysis , Sep., V.23(3):255-263. Swenson, A.B. (1991), Relationships: <strong>art</strong> education, <strong>art</strong> therapy, and special education, Perceptual and Motor Skills , Feb., V.72(1):40-42. Syristova, E. (1989), <strong>The</strong> creative potential <strong>of</strong> schizophrenic psychosis: its importance for psychotherapy, Studia Psychologica , V.31(4):283-294. Talerico, C.J. (1986), <strong>The</strong> expressive <strong>art</strong>s and creativity as a form <strong>of</strong> therapeutic experience in the field <strong>of</strong> mental health, J. Creative Behavior , V.20(4):229-247. Tate, F.B. (1989), Symbols in the graphic <strong>art</strong> <strong>of</strong> the dying, Arts in Psychotherapy , Sum., V.16(2):115- 120. Tate, F.B., Allen, H. (1985), Color preferences and the aged individual: implications for <strong>art</strong> therapy, Arts in Psychotherapy , Fall, V.12(3):165-169. Taylor, J.W. (1990), <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> nonverbal expression with incestuous clients, Families in Society , Dec., V.71(10):597-601. Temple, S. (1988), Erickson's model <strong>of</strong> personality development related to clinical material, British J. Occupational <strong>The</strong>rapy , Nov., V.51(11):399-402. Tokuda, Y. (1973), Image and <strong>art</strong> therapy, Art Psychotherapy , Win., V.1(3-4):169-176. Tokuda, Y. (1980), <strong>The</strong>ory and practice <strong>of</strong> image <strong>art</strong> psychotherapy, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.23(4):193- 208. Ulman, E. (1977), Art education for the emotionally disturbed, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.17(1):13-16. Vaccaro, V.M. (1973), Specific aspects <strong>of</strong> the psychology <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy, Art Psychotherapy , Fall, V.1(2):81-89. Van-Krevelen, D.A. (1975), On the use <strong>of</strong> the family drawing test, Acta Paedopsychiatrica, V.41(3):104-9. Vassiliou, G.A. (1983), Analogic communication as a means <strong>of</strong> joining the family system in therapy, Int. J. Family Psychiatry , V.4(3):173-9. Vogl, J.M., Vogl, G.M. (1983), Group <strong>art</strong> therapy: an eclectic approach, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jul., V.22(4):129-135. Wadeson, H. (1973), Separateness, Art Psychotherapy , Fall, V.1(2):131-3. Wadeson, H. (1975), Suicide: expression in images, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Apr., V.14(3):75-82. Wadeson, H. (1976), Combining expressive therapies, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jan., V.15(2):43-6. Wadeson, H. (1976), <strong>The</strong> fluid family in multi-family <strong>art</strong> therapy, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jul. V.15(4):115- 8. Wald, J. (1983), Alzheimer's disease and the role <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy in its treatment, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jan., V.22(2):57-64. Wald, J. (1986), Art therapy for patients with dementing illnesses, Clinical Gerontologist , Feb., V.4(3):29-40. Weininger, O. (1987), <strong>The</strong> Differential Diagnostic Technique, a visual motor projective test, Perceptual 384
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(1977), A comparison between mental patients' paintings and the action painting movement, Art Psychotherapy , V.4(1):15-18. 6 Parsons, P. (1986), Outsider <strong>art</strong>: patient <strong>art</strong> enters the <strong>art</strong> world, Am. J. <strong>of</strong> Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Aug., V.25(1):3-12. 25 Peto, A. (1979), <strong>The</strong> Rondanini Pieta: Michelanelo's infantile neurosis, International Review <strong>of</strong> 385
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
- Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
- Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
- Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
- Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
- Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
- Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
- Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
- Page 348 and 349: Correlation table 20 for DAPA varia
- Page 350 and 351: Correlation table 19 for DAPA varia
- Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
- Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
- Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
- Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
- Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
- Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
- Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
- Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
- Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
- Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
- Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
- Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
- Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
- Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
- Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
- Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
- Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
- Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
- Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
- Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
- Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
- Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
- Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
- Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
- Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
- Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
- Page 410 and 411: Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
- Page 412 and 413: Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
- Page 414 and 415: North Staffordshire Health Authorit
- Page 416 and 417: Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
- Page 418 and 419: Bibliography 418
- Page 420 and 421: Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
- Page 422 and 423: V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
- Page 424 and 425: Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
- Page 426 and 427: Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
- Page 428 and 429: MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
- Page 430 and 431: Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth