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etween different groups of patients. The Main Study The main study reported a validation experiment with 109 subjects, in which there were no specific instructions to patients and where there would be no interference with the therapeutic milieu. It was hypothesised there would be significant difference between two or more diagnostic categories of patients or controls on each of the 12 remaining subscales after 3 infrequent colours were removed: colour (1-6) - red, yellow, green, blue, brown, black; intensity (7); line (8-9) - painted and drawn; space (10), emotional tone (11) and form (12). Paintings were collected from controls and hospitalised adult patients mid- treatment. Patients fit the ICD10 categories for: schizophrenia, major depression, substance abuse, personality disorder. Results: Analysis of variance showed significant difference between two or more groups on ten subscales from 12. The Duncan pairwise post-hoc comparison showed differences in patient/control pictures and between patient groups. Patients were significantly different from controls on: Schizophrenics on 6 variables: yellow, green, black, intensity, emotional tone and form. Depressives on 3 variables: space, emotional tone and form. 328
Personality disorder on 5 variables: green, drawn line, space, emotional tone and form. Substance Abusers on 7 variables: red, green, black, painted line, drawn line, space, emotional tone. Within patient significant differences: Schizophrenics from depressives on 2 variables: black and form; from substance abuse on black. Personality disorder from depressives on form; from schizophrenics on intensity; from substance abuse on black. Substance abusers from depressives on 4 variables: black, painted line, drawn line, form; from schizophrenics and personality disorder on black. Only three variables showed differences that isolated diagnoses - black (2 diagnostic groups isolated); emotional tone, and dominant form. It seemed likely the other groups could be isolated through combinations of variables. The discriminant analysis technique was the most appropriate instrument for predictive analysis, but entry for significant variables was complicated by association between measures. The functions derived varied from 3-6 variables, and suggested that most of the variables contributed to the result. The analysis consistently differentiated differences between patient and controls 80-90% accurately. Unlike the measures from the literature, the DAPA differentiated patients better than controls. This was encouraging for further development of the measure and suggested that formal analyses of paintings provide a extra dimension, 329
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
Page 278 and 279: There would be a correlation betwee
Page 280 and 281: Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
Page 282 and 283: Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
Page 284 and 285: The DAPA results for depression are
Page 286 and 287: abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
Page 288 and 289: Control pictures showed the only as
Page 290 and 291: yellow Structural variables Figures
Page 292 and 293: directly, to answer this question.
Page 294 and 295: yellow and green, its removal would
Page 296 and 297: Schizophrenics used little colour e
Page 298 and 299: directly to the environment; assess
Page 300 and 301: influence on apparent negativity. W
Page 302 and 303: ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
Page 304 and 305: Supporting this point, the focus ar
Page 306 and 307: Several kinds of difficulties were
Page 308 and 309: portraiture, so it is difficult to
Page 310 and 311: 1, as generally the scores for schi
Page 312 and 313: numbers resulted in differentiation
Page 314 and 315: at or above the usual level. Person
Page 316 and 317: size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
Page 318 and 319: sets had all the identified high ef
Page 320 and 321: hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
Page 322 and 323: eliability of the test and shows th
Page 324 and 325: Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
Page 326 and 327: probably because the form variables
Page 330 and 331: previously unexplored, which comple
Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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