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Bibliography 418
Primary Sources Journals and papers Bibliography Adler, H.M. (1997), Towards a multimodal communication theory of art therapy: the vicarious coprocession, Am. J. Psychotherapy, Win., V.51(1): 54-66. Aikmanm K.G., Belter, R.W., and Finch, A.J. (1992), Human Figure Drawings: Validity in assessing intellectual level and academic achievement, J. Clin. Psychol., V.48(1): 114- 120. Aldridge, D. (1994), Single-CAse Research Designs for the Creative Art Therapist, Art Psychotherapy, V.21(5), pp.333-342. Amos, S. (1982), The Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Implications of Schizophrenic Art, Art Psychotherapy, V.9:131-43. Anastasi, A., Foley, J.P. (1941) A survey of the literature on artistic behavior in the abnormal: Historical and theoretical background, J. Gen. Psychol., V.25: 111-142. Anastasi, A., Foley, J.P., (1940) A survey of the literature on artistic behavior in the abnormal: Spontaneous productions. Psychol. Mon., V.52(6): 1-71. Anastasi, A., Foley, J.P. (1941) A survey of the literature on artistic behavior in the abnormal: Experimental investigations, J. Gen. Psychol., V.25:187-237. Anastasi, A., Foley, J.P. (1944) An experimental study of the drawing behavior of adult psychotics in comparison with that of a normal control group, J. Exp.l Psychol. V.34: 169-94. Arnheim, R. The Thoughts That Made Me Move, Art Psychotherapy V.21(4):245-6. Arrington, D. (1991), Thinking Systems - Seeing Systems: an integrative model for systemically oriented art therapy, Art Psychotherapy, V.18:201-211. Bachant, J.L., and Adler, E. (1997), Transference: Co-constructed or brought to the interaction? J. Am. Psychoanalytic Assessment, V.45(4): 1097-1120. Ballentino, R.C. (1998), The Need for a New Ethical Model in Medicine: a challenge for conventional, alternative and complementary practitioners, Advances Win., V.14(1): 6- 16. Bergland, C., and Gonzalez, M. (1993), Art and Madness, can the interface be quantified? Am. J. Art Therapy, Feb., V.31: 81-90. Billig, O., (1971) Is Schizophrenic Expression Art? A comparative study of creativeness and schizophrenic thinking, J. Nervous Mental Dis. V.153(3): 149-64. Birchtnell, J. (1981), Is Art Therapeutic? Inscape, V.I, p.10-13. Borrowsky Junge, M. and Linesch, D. (1993), Our Own Voices: new paradigms for art therapy research, Art Psychotherapy,V.20: 61-7. Bradley, M.T. R.D. Gupta (1997), Estimating the Effect of the File Drawer Problem in Meta Analysis, Perceptual and Motor Skills, V.65(2):719-22. Buchalter-Katz, S. (1985), Observations concerning the art productions of depressed patients in short term psychiatric facilities, Art Psychotherapy, Spring, V.12(1):35-8. Burke, J. (1988), Field trials of the 1987 draft of Chapter V. (F) of ICD-10, British J. 419
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
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psychopathology in clinical diagnos
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6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
Page 410 and 411: Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
Page 412 and 413: Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
Page 414 and 415: North Staffordshire Health Authorit
Page 416 and 417: Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
Page 420 and 421: Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
Page 422 and 423: V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425: Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427: Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429: MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431: Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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