The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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Table of Contents Page Number Chapter One: Introduction 1. Organisation of thesis 1 2. The argument for another art assessment 2 Chapter Two: Literature Review 1. Is there a way through the jungle? What kind of literature is relevant to this study? Literature search methods and exclusion criteria 30 Impressionistic and theoretical studies 35 Artists: Are they special cases? 42 2. Research Studies Case and series studies 47 Expression of feelings 49 Changes or signs in content or form of artwork 54 Therapeutic Relationship 63 Summary of case studies 65 Controlled studies 69 Analysis 71 Summary 87 Validity analysis of the literature 88 Summary and conclusion 93 Reliability analysis of the literature 95 Summary of reliability study 136 3. Conclusion and Summary 141 Chapter Three: Positive Thinking: What are the common psychiatric characteristics of paintings? Meta Analysis of reliable studies identified by the literature 143 Conclusion for meta analysis 158 Summary of findings from the common results 158 Chapter Four: The Descriptive Assessment for Psychiatric Art The ideal characteristics for a new test: Development of the DAPA 162 The DAPA test Illustration of scoring procedure and rating guide 171-2 Methods Section 173 1. The Main Study 173 Sample 174 Instruments 178 iv
Analyses 182 Procedures 189 2. Reliability Study 193 3. Study 1 206 Chapter Five: Results Section 1. Results of the statistical tests Preparation of the data 217 Comparison of groups 221 2. Interpretation of the figures Specific differences from the ANOVA 223 Discriminant analysis 236 3. Subordinate analyses 241 Chapter Six: Discussion 245 1. Expectations and anomalies Colour 250 Structure 262 Conclusion and summary from discussion of the results 273 2. Relation of results from Study 1 to Study 2 278 3. Discriminatory power between controls and patients 284 (i) Is the DAPA a better assessment than the other tests reviewed in Chapter 2? 284 (ii) Which variables discriminate between patients and controls? 286 Strengths and weaknesses of the study 288 Effectiveness of the DAPA 291 Chapter Seven: Conclusion 293 Is the DAPA better than other art assessments? 299 Where do we go from here? 300 The future for measures of Psychopathology 302 Appendices Descriptions of terms from analyses of the literature Appendix 1 Tables of data relating to the Chapters 2 and 5 Appendix 2 Table of authorities Appendix 3 Development of the instrument (the DAPA) Appendix 4 Permission and informed consent for experiments with patients Appendix 5 Bibliography v
Page 1: The psychopathology of everyday art
Page 6 and 7: List of Illustrations, Figures and
Page 8 and 9: quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
Page 10 and 11: Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
Page 12 and 13: Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
Page 16 and 17: concludes on the effectiveness of t
Page 18 and 19: or drawing progresses, relationship
Page 20 and 21: The link between genius as a produc
Page 22 and 23: again by a multidisciplinary team w
Page 24 and 25: theoretical foundation relating art
Page 26 and 27: the content of which was seemingly
Page 28 and 29: approach. Some of the major critici
Page 30 and 31: Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
Page 32 and 33: molar level and not by individual e
Page 34 and 35: Attempts to lists characteristics o
Page 36 and 37: tests are still popular in assessme
Page 38 and 39: investigation of artwork, but few h
Page 40 and 41: expressions of a disordered psyche.
Page 42 and 43: own paintings, or on interpretation
Page 44 and 45: pointing to integrative or global j
Page 46 and 47: Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
Page 48 and 49: etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
Page 50 and 51: a major proportion of the study mat
Page 52 and 53: psychopathology, something which is
Page 54 and 55:
3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
Page 56 and 57:
social/developmental energy theorie
Page 58 and 59:
advanced from all types of papers b
Page 60 and 61:
Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
Page 66 and 67:
Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
Page 124 and 125:
Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
Page 130 and 131:
to trees (52); size of figure (75);
Page 132 and 133:
Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
Page 138 and 139:
Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
Page 142 and 143:
number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
Page 158 and 159:
The studies are difficult to sum up
Page 160 and 161:
indicate greater agreement (even th
Page 162 and 163:
Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
Page 164 and 165:
of drawing areas and to quantify wh
Page 166 and 167:
Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
Page 168 and 169:
techniques which compensate for unr
Page 170 and 171:
drawing evaluation with comments fr
Page 172 and 173:
There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
Page 184 and 185:
potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
Page 190 and 191:
Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
Page 192 and 193:
Table 2: Summary table of expected
Page 194 and 195:
Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
Page 202 and 203:
computed on any of these levels. Gr
Page 204 and 205:
The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
Page 212 and 213:
nebulous for reasonable conclusions
Page 214 and 215:
identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
Page 218 and 219:
and the test used terminology which
Page 220 and 221:
How the data were structured Althou
Page 222 and 223:
How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
Page 230 and 231:
Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
Page 268 and 269:
Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
Page 270 and 271:
Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
Page 276 and 277:
as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
Page 284 and 285:
The DAPA results for depression are
Page 286 and 287:
abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
Page 288 and 289:
Control pictures showed the only as
Page 290 and 291:
yellow Structural variables Figures
Page 292 and 293:
directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
Page 296 and 297:
Schizophrenics used little colour e
Page 298 and 299:
directly to the environment; assess
Page 300 and 301:
influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
Page 304 and 305:
Supporting this point, the focus ar
Page 306 and 307:
Several kinds of difficulties were
Page 308 and 309:
portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
Page 314 and 315:
at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
Page 322 and 323:
eliability of the test and shows th
Page 324 and 325:
Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
Page 328 and 329:
etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335:
psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337:
6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339:
Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341:
Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345:
6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347:
Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 354 and 355:
Table 4: summarising changes or sig
Page 356 and 357:
Table 6: summarising changes or sig
Page 358 and 359:
13 22y. male Violence and substance
Page 360 and 361:
Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
Page 380 and 381:
Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383:
Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385:
Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
Page 386 and 387:
Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391:
Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
Page 392 and 393:
psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395:
Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
Page 396 and 397:
D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399:
INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
Page 400 and 401:
SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
Page 404 and 405:
Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 408 and 409:
Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
Page 410 and 411:
Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
Page 412 and 413:
Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
Page 414 and 415:
North Staffordshire Health Authorit
Page 416 and 417:
Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427:
Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431:
Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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