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Table 2. All variables for 11 studies from the tabulated 15 different areas of drawing measurement. Drawing Area 239 1 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9* 10* 11* 12 13 14 15 ES1: Effect size for patient/normal controls (confidence intervals) and p values. 0.0000 (-.2922; 0.2922) NS 0.8795 (0.6362; 1.1228) p
(2) For variables discriminating between patient groups but not between patients and controls, diagnosed groups of psychiatric patients differed in: thematic content or subject of the picture; used less or different qualities of line, less or different colour groups, their pictures depicted reality or abstraction and were more or less complex. Table 3 shows the aggregation of all the variables over 14 drawing areas partitioned at whether they were categorised as content, subjective or objective, or form 241 . Subjective variables seemed to produce the largest effect, but there were demonstrable if small effects for the other two types of variable. Table 3. Aggregated results for patients/all controls by form or content variables Variable type Effect Size (_) Subjective content 1 Objective content 2 Form variables 3 Confidence limits for _ (all significances p
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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Page 130 and 131: to trees (52); size of figure (75);
Page 132 and 133: Table 4: reliability statistics and
Page 134 and 135: Line Table 5: reliability statistic
Page 136 and 137: Purpose or use of line contained on
Page 138 and 139: Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
Page 140 and 141: Colour Table 7: reliability statist
Page 142 and 143: number of colours. Furthermore with
Page 144 and 145: subcategories were congruous and al
Page 146 and 147: (35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
Page 148 and 149: Summary: There are unresolved defin
Page 150 and 151: Summary: The effect which distingui
Page 152 and 153: Summary: Striking variation in glob
Page 154 and 155: Reliability: Perseveration is a non
Page 156 and 157: (including schizophrenics) against
Page 158 and 159: The studies are difficult to sum up
Page 160 and 161: indicate greater agreement (even th
Page 162 and 163: Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
Page 164 and 165: of drawing areas and to quantify wh
Page 166 and 167: Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
Page 168 and 169: techniques which compensate for unr
Page 170 and 171: drawing evaluation with comments fr
Page 172 and 173: There are few answers to this criti
Page 174 and 175: attention to overall effect sizes t
Page 176 and 177: The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
Page 180 and 181: Less than a third of the drawing ar
Page 182 and 183: Case study and controlled research
Page 184 and 185: potential for psychiatric populatio
Page 186 and 187: only are discussed (indicators whic
Page 188 and 189: specific areas of positivity could
Page 190 and 191: Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
Page 192 and 193: Table 2: Summary table of expected
Page 194 and 195: Previous methods of assessing atomi
Page 196 and 197: cases as to whether informed consen
Page 198 and 199: It was decided to use a large mixed
Page 200 and 201: paintings was not reliable enough t
Page 202 and 203: computed on any of these levels. Gr
Page 204 and 205: The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
Page 206 and 207: The extremes of the distribution fo
Page 208 and 209: The difficulty with using t-tests i
Page 210 and 211: addition it leaves out other variab
Page 212 and 213: nebulous for reasonable conclusions
Page 214 and 215: identified were included in the stu
Page 216 and 217: DISCUSSION • The validity of the
Page 218 and 219: and the test used terminology which
Page 220 and 221: How the data were structured Althou
Page 222 and 223: How well does the method agree? Tab
Page 224 and 225: - 76% - of the scales were rated wi
Page 226 and 227: Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
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psychopathology in clinical diagnos
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6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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