The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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only are discussed (indicators which have been noted, rather than contradictory tests which have reached no significance) with no weight given to one characteristic above another. Content: themes, quality of picture and specific details Table 1 simplifies under three headings the positive findings and notations of all case and controlled studies considered in this review relating to the content of the picture. Most of these qualities could not be related to specific diagnoses and therefore could only be used in a limited way to differentiate patients from controls 245 . They have a common negativity, except for a few manic patients (but these were small numbers n=5) and an odd finding for depressive pictures, of happy and complete work (but this may be related to treatment stage). Content characteristics were simplified to positive or negative content. The aim of the test, to eliminate interpretation of intentions, meant totally excluding content which would be a major omission and probably rather pig-headed. The reliability of an acknowledged ownership of an impression by the judge was probably better than a guess as to what the patient intended. 245 as did study 31 on distorted figures and 56 on lack of detail (except schizophrenics). 186
Table 1: to show the simplified positive findings from case and control studies reviewed relating to content of picture. Type Theme or subject matter Quality of picture Detail Psychosis/ Schizophrenia Brain Damage Mania Depression Anxiety Personality Disorder 1. case studies 2. controlled studies 3. artists studies threatening; religious or conflict 1 illustrating symptoms 13 problem solving 3 , separation, individuation 1 repeated numbers 1 disturbed images 1 symbols 1 mild/bizarre content 21 energy/ global tension 2 personal 2 /(expressive 3 1 originality 2 use of inanimate objects 2 . subject broken, disruption 1 Archetypal images 1 less reality/logic 2 no people 2 (Alzheimers + cancer metaphors of loss 1 ) (Alzheimer's: poor/lack of content ( 2 ) bizarre content 2 ) (autism mouth 1 ) 'plus phenomena' 1 rapid expansive euphoric 1 'minus phenomena' 1 self disclosure personal information 1 expressive 3 sombre gloomy themes 12 disinterest /less human energy self or family 2 mutilated, twisted, distorted, or aggressive figures 13 complete happy scenes with symbols, yellow sun, flowers 1 (improvement: impressionistic, realistic with fantasy images 1 ) less problem solving 2 less global energy 2 twisted or distorted aggressive figures 3 (anorexia good quality subject matter 1 ) more people 1 187 fragmented 13 , nonintegrated 3 ; ossified, static 1 balance of pic 12 displacement 2 simplification /regression 2 , simplistic imagery 2 (aphasic 1 ; dementia 1 ) poor quality 2 (Alzheimer's 2 ; also poor organisation) fragmented 3 , nonintegrated 3 low quality of execution 1 disorganised 2 wild random uncontrolled incoherent drawings, unconnected 1 more logic than other patients 2 less compositional 2 and general integration developmental indicators 1 damage to trees, broken limbs 1 lack of detail 1 simple shapes/ omissions 1 proportion errors, disconnections 1 lack of detail (left brain damage 2 ) (Alzheimers: faulty recall 2 ; essentials omitted 2 ) 1, 2 less detail smaller drawing, odd relationships between sexes, few sex diffs in figures 2 ; depression as secondary diagnosis is discriminable 1 The DAPA Category of Emotional tone: The emotional tone of the section of picture under examination, as it is perceived by the rater, is recorded as positive, neutral or negative. Positivity is not a popular scale of content measurement and certainly does not cover the content spectrum mentioned above, This method has the advantage that
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
Page 136 and 137: Purpose or use of line contained on
Page 138 and 139: Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
Page 140 and 141: Colour Table 7: reliability statist
Page 142 and 143: number of colours. Furthermore with
Page 144 and 145: subcategories were congruous and al
Page 146 and 147: (35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
Page 148 and 149: Summary: There are unresolved defin
Page 150 and 151: Summary: The effect which distingui
Page 152 and 153: Summary: Striking variation in glob
Page 154 and 155: Reliability: Perseveration is a non
Page 156 and 157: (including schizophrenics) against
Page 158 and 159: The studies are difficult to sum up
Page 160 and 161: indicate greater agreement (even th
Page 162 and 163: Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
Page 164 and 165: of drawing areas and to quantify wh
Page 166 and 167: Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
Page 168 and 169: techniques which compensate for unr
Page 170 and 171: drawing evaluation with comments fr
Page 172 and 173: There are few answers to this criti
Page 174 and 175: attention to overall effect sizes t
Page 176 and 177: The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
Page 178 and 179: Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
Page 180 and 181: Less than a third of the drawing ar
Page 182 and 183: Case study and controlled research
Page 184 and 185: potential for psychiatric populatio
Page 188 and 189: specific areas of positivity could
Page 190 and 191: Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
Page 192 and 193: Table 2: Summary table of expected
Page 194 and 195: Previous methods of assessing atomi
Page 196 and 197: cases as to whether informed consen
Page 198 and 199: It was decided to use a large mixed
Page 200 and 201: paintings was not reliable enough t
Page 202 and 203: computed on any of these levels. Gr
Page 204 and 205: The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
Page 206 and 207: The extremes of the distribution fo
Page 208 and 209: The difficulty with using t-tests i
Page 210 and 211: addition it leaves out other variab
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Page 214 and 215: identified were included in the stu
Page 216 and 217: DISCUSSION • The validity of the
Page 218 and 219: and the test used terminology which
Page 220 and 221: How the data were structured Althou
Page 222 and 223: How well does the method agree? Tab
Page 224 and 225: - 76% - of the scales were rated wi
Page 226 and 227: Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
Page 228 and 229: All of the scales were understood b
Page 230 and 231: Table 1: Demographics for experimen
Page 232 and 233: classify, even as in and out patien
Page 234 and 235: score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
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psychopathology in clinical diagnos
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6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
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Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
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MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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