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subcategories were congruous and all overall percentages showed good-very high agreements with no unreliable variables. Reliable subcategories were: recognisable content (48, 21, 49, 38, 36), horizon or base line (56, 46, 48, 49) and logical connections between named elements (46, 21). Although measures of placement showed good agreement generally in addition, absence, or distortion (38), placing errors (33), a term applied to placement of the central figure in the middle of the picture, showed much lower percentage agreement than the other studies (0.56). However, acceptable significance levels (p
omissions, distortions or additions of elements (38), although the same type of departure from reality (evidence of faulty recall) was more marked in Alzheimer's disease than in controls (36 or 35). The displacement variable showed significant differences between left brain damaged patients and normal controls or right brain damaged patients (35), also between a patient group partitioned 3 ways (33): (a) non retarded schizophrenic from retarded schizophrenics; (b) profound from other grades of mental retardation; and between acute and chronic schizophrenia. Summary: The polarisation of representation of reality and logic between controls and organic brain damage seems to be supported by findings of no differences between schizophrenics, other patients and controls on corresponding indices. It is thus reasonable to suppose that the results for Alzheimer's disease, as it affects the brain, may share some of the qualities of organic brain damage. Displacement of main images seems to strongly indicate general abnormality. Space Reliability: 11 experimental studies, 2 reliability studies and 1 validity study generated 36 variables which were grouped between two subjective, one objective content subcategory, and one formal subcategory. There were 6 variables between 6 studies which gave item reliabilities and only one unreliable variable in the table. Reliable subcategories were: coverage of the paper (49, 44, 48, 21, 75, 35, 38, 36); relations between the main elements (3, 35, 61); presence or absence of perspective or indicators 145
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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Page 96 and 97: or non-art tests which were not see
Page 98 and 99: favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
Page 100 and 101: procedures, or publishing bias, sin
Page 102 and 103: Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
Page 104 and 105: spread between subjective and objec
Page 106 and 107: are linked to those artistic charac
Page 108 and 109: 3 Demographic variables were used f
Page 110 and 111: Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
Page 112 and 113: However, there were few tests which
Page 114 and 115: include recognisable or identifiabl
Page 116 and 117: and emotional indicators in drawing
Page 118 and 119: The DDS (1988) study was an explora
Page 120 and 121: which were not significant - and I
Page 122 and 123: eliability studies or studies which
Page 124 and 125: Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
Page 126 and 127: etween grades of the same diagnosis
Page 128 and 129: personally expressive images than '
Page 130 and 131: to trees (52); size of figure (75);
Page 132 and 133: Table 4: reliability statistics and
Page 134 and 135: Line Table 5: reliability statistic
Page 136 and 137: Purpose or use of line contained on
Page 138 and 139: Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
Page 140 and 141: Colour Table 7: reliability statist
Page 142 and 143: number of colours. Furthermore with
Page 146 and 147: (35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
Page 148 and 149: Summary: There are unresolved defin
Page 150 and 151: Summary: The effect which distingui
Page 152 and 153: Summary: Striking variation in glob
Page 154 and 155: Reliability: Perseveration is a non
Page 156 and 157: (including schizophrenics) against
Page 158 and 159: The studies are difficult to sum up
Page 160 and 161: indicate greater agreement (even th
Page 162 and 163: Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
Page 164 and 165: of drawing areas and to quantify wh
Page 166 and 167: Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
Page 168 and 169: techniques which compensate for unr
Page 170 and 171: drawing evaluation with comments fr
Page 172 and 173: There are few answers to this criti
Page 174 and 175: attention to overall effect sizes t
Page 176 and 177: The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
Page 178 and 179: Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
Page 180 and 181: Less than a third of the drawing ar
Page 182 and 183: Case study and controlled research
Page 184 and 185: potential for psychiatric populatio
Page 186 and 187: only are discussed (indicators whic
Page 188 and 189: specific areas of positivity could
Page 190 and 191: Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
Page 192 and 193: Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
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psychopathology in clinical diagnos
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6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
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Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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