The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency tables for Chi-square calculation to indicate associations between method of study, form of expression and benefits for categorised commonalities of 67 studies from the literature which claimed 'expression of feelings' as main benefit for art therapy. Crosstabulation 1: ORIENTATION By METHOD OF STUDY METHOD OF STUDY -> 1.Illustrative; 2. projective/express; 3. behaviour; 4. psychoanalytic; 5. educational/experiential Std Res 1 2 3 4 5 Row Total ______________________________________________________ ORIENTATION 0 _ 0 _ 1 _ 0 _ 1 _ 1 _ 3 _ .0% _ 33.3% _ .0% _ 33.3% _ 33.3% _ 4.5% unknown _ .0% _ 2.6% _ .0% _ 14.3% _ 7.7% _ _ -.4 _ -.6 _ -.4 _ 1.2 _ .5 _ ______________________________________________ 1 _ 1 _ 1 _ 1 _ 1 _ 2 _ 6 cognitive _ 16.7% _ 16.7% _ 16.7% _ 16.7% _ 33.3% _ 9.0% _ 25.0% _ 2.6% _ 25.0% _ 14.3% _ 15.4% _ _ 1.1 _ -1.3 _ 1.1 _ .5 _ .8 _ ______________________________________________ 2 _ 2 _ 28 _ 2 _ 1 _ 4 _ 37 projective _ 5.4% _ 75.7% _ 5.4% _ 2.7% _ 10.8% _ 55.2% _ 50.0% _ 71.8% _ 50.0% _ 14.3% _ 30.8% _ _ -.1 _ 1.4 _ -.1 _ -1.5 _ -1.2 _ ______________________________________________ 3 _ 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ 1 _ 1 phenomen'l _ .0% _ .0% _ .0% _ .0% _ 100.0% _ 1.5% _ .0% _ .0% _ .0% _ .0% _ 7.7% _ _ -.2 _ -.8 _ -.2 _ -.3 _ 1.8 _ ______________________________________________ 4 _ 0 _ 3 _ 1 _ 1 _ 4 _ 9 social/ _ .0% _ 33.3% _ 11.1% _ 11.1% _ 44.4% _ 13.4% occupational _ .0% _ 7.7% _ 25.0% _ 14.3% _ 30.8% _ _ -.7 _ -1.0 _ .6 _ .1 _ 1.7 _ ______________________________________________ 5 _ 1 _ 6 _ 0 _ 3 _ 1 _ 11 analytical _ 9.1% _ 54.5% _ .0% _ 27.3% _ 9.1% _ 16.4% _ 25.0% _ 15.4% _ .0% _ 42.9% _ 7.7% _ _ .4 _ -.2 _ -.8 _ 1.7 _ -.8 _ ______________________________________________ Column 4 39 4 7 13 67 Total 6.0% 58.2% 6.0% 10.4% 19.4% 100.0% Chi-Square D.F. Significance Min E.F. Cells with E.F.< 5 26.29640 20 .1562 .060 26 OF 30 ( 86.7%) Number of Missing Observations = 0 360
Crosstabulation 2: ORIENTATION By FORM OF EXPRESSION FORM OF content style content behav.l verbal other EXPRESSION -> + style Row Std Res 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total _______________________________________________________________ ORIENTATION 0 _ 2 _ 0 _ 0 _ 1 _ 0 _ 0 _ 3 _ 66.7% _ .0% _ .0% _ 33.3% _ .0% _ .0% _ 4.5% unknown _ 6.1% _ .0% _ .0% _ 5.9% _ .0% _ .0% _ _ .4 _ -.2 _ -.5 _ .3 _ -.6 _ -.3 _ _______________________________________________________ 1 _ 2 _ 0 _ 0 _ 3 _ 1 _ 0 _ 6 _ 6.1% _ .0% _ .0% _ 17.6% _ 11.1% _ .0% _ 9.0% cognitive _ 33.3% _ .0% _ .0% _ 50.0% _ 16.7% _ .0% _ _ -.6 _ -.3 _ -.7 _ 1.2 _ .2 _ -.4 _ _______________________________________________________ 2 _ 21 _ 0 _ 3 _ 10 _ 3 _ 0 _ 37 projective _ 56.8% _ .0% _ 8.1% _ 27.0% _ 8.1% _ .0% _ 55.2% _ 63.6% _ .0% _ 60.0% _ 58.8% _ 33.3% _ .0% _ _ .7 _ -.7 _ .1 _ .2 _ -.9 _ -1.1 _ _______________________________________________________ 3 _ 0 _ 0 _ 1 _ 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ 1 phenomenological _ .0% _ .0% _ 100.0% _ .0% _ .0% _ .0% _ 1.5% _ .0% _ .0% _ 20.0% _ .0% _ .0% _ .0% _ _ -.7 _ -.1 _ 3.4 _ -.5 _ -.4 _ -.2 _ _______________________________________________________ 4 _ 3 _ 0 _ 1 _ 3 _ 1 _ 1 _ 9 social/ _ 33.3% _ .0% _ 11.1% _ 33.3% _ 11.1% _ 11.1% _ 13.4% occupational _ 9.1% _ .0% _ 20.0% _ 17.6% _ 11.1% _ 50.0% _ _ -.7 _ -.4 _ .4 _ .5 _ -.2 _ 1.4 _ _______________________________________________________ 5 _ 5 _ 1 _ 0 _ 0 _ 4 _ 1 _ 11 analytical _ 45.5% _ 9.1% _ .0% _ .0% _ 36.4% _ 9.1% _ 16.4% _ 15.2% _ 100.0% _ .0% _ .0% _ 44.4% _ 50.0% _ _ -.2 _ 2.1 _ -.9 _ -1.7 _ 2.1 _ 1.2 _ _______________________________________________________ Column 33 1 5 17 9 2 67 Total 49.3% 1.5% 7.5% 25.4% 13.4% 3.0% 100.0% Chi-Square D.F. Significance Min E.F. Cells with E.F.< 5 35.43668 25 .0806 .015 33 OF 36 ( 91.7%) Number of Missing Observations = 0 361
Page 1:
The psychopathology of everyday art
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
Page 6 and 7:
List of Illustrations, Figures and
Page 8 and 9:
quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
Page 10 and 11:
Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
Page 12 and 13:
Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
Page 14 and 15:
Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
Page 20 and 21:
The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
Page 24 and 25:
theoretical foundation relating art
Page 26 and 27:
the content of which was seemingly
Page 28 and 29:
approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
Page 34 and 35:
Attempts to lists characteristics o
Page 36 and 37:
tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
Page 40 and 41:
expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
Page 48 and 49:
etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
Page 62 and 63:
talent and therefore do not fit in
Page 64 and 65:
2. Research studies There were two
Page 66 and 67:
Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
Page 286 and 287:
abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
Page 304 and 305:
Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
Page 310 and 311: 1, as generally the scores for schi
Page 312 and 313: numbers resulted in differentiation
Page 314 and 315: at or above the usual level. Person
Page 316 and 317: size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
Page 318 and 319: sets had all the identified high ef
Page 320 and 321: hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
Page 322 and 323: eliability of the test and shows th
Page 324 and 325: Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
Page 326 and 327: probably because the form variables
Page 328 and 329: etween different groups of patients
Page 330 and 331: previously unexplored, which comple
Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
Page 410 and 411:
Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
Page 412 and 413:
Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
Page 414 and 415:
North Staffordshire Health Authorit
Page 416 and 417:
Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
Page 418 and 419:
Bibliography 418
Page 420 and 421:
Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
Page 422 and 423:
V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427:
Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431:
Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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