The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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Table 4: summarising changes or signs predominantly reported in the theme/content of the artwork. Study Case description/ diagnosis Summary themes reported in artwork 354 Interpretation 1 13y. male Parental Abuse Theme of ambivalence* often. Illustrates responses to life changes 2 Adult female Psychotic (American Indian) 3 70y. mute female - 49 year hospitalisation. 6m. art therapy, Paranoid Schizophrenia 4 14y. male. 5 years of treatment. Emotional disorder 5 21y. female Chronic Schizophrenia on lithium treatment 6 Case studies mixed adults. Manic/Depressive tested on serial drawings of human figure 7 36y. female Reactive Depression 8 24y. male Brain Injury, car accident 9 40y. male with 20y. hospital record psychosis. 6 week mural program 10 5 male 5 female adults Psychosis 11 71 y. female Alzheimer's, diagnosed cancer 12 10 mixed adults Manic/Depressive 13 Family, 2 adults 1 male 11y. conjoint team 6 pics evaluated.. 14 72y. male Aphasic 15 Mixed adults over many years/ variety of settings. Depression 16 Nearly 2000 pics from Multiple Personality Disordered patients Static and sparse Impoverished and incongruent with instructions Hostility,* suspicious, disorientated to well orientated, thoughtful. Selected from 1,250 drawings almost all circular forms, comments referred to mouth, cat, dragon and star. Religious themes and sexual conflicts*, from threatening and dark to lighter Results indicate directional trendsmutilated figures in depressive phase, strong dense lines in manic. Regression in primitive childlike characteristics/ younger figures. Pictures contained personal information, self disclosure Empty simple pictures, repeated theme broken land, disruption* became unified with colour as progress toward normal consciousness Symbol formation which resulted in new, more balanced, less egocentric, more differentiated schema than at start of project Separation/individuation symbols especially when representation of 'three' occurred repeatedly Loss metaphors similar to cancer patients Depressed: less freq. creative, sombre gloomy themes /colour, summary drawings. Manic: rapid/expansive euphoric, warm bright colour Kwiatkowska methods. Unusual family portraits - other indicators Difficult to recognise complex imagery Bright colours, complete scenes, happy. Repeated symbols - yellow sun, flowers, trees, houses, grass extracted 10 thematic, structural and process, categories: system, Illustrates progress of therapy Mouth as archetypal image. Early drawings show the struggle* to rise out of the dark chaos of unconscious, become more focused. Preocc with mouth in autism. Theory mouth is primary site of psycho -sexual - social injury. Analogy of myth motifs and rituals to symbolic themes of mouth and transition from autistic phase ego development to symbiotic phase. Shows changes of affect, ego functions strengthened Minus phenomena in dep., plus properties in mania. Dynamic drawing tests useful for tracing changes in patient's state during therapy or as a prognostic tool Paralleled and contributed to improvement, more precise diagnosis Broken land symbolises disruption of brain damage. Body image relates to figures. Primary benefit relationship with therapist Through internalisation, S experienced a holding environment, now able to verbalise feelings Significance of numbers may relate to the number of visual symbols produced. Work expresses present situation of patient Unconsciously knew she was dying Illustrates illness, reflects disturbance in activity and thought Focus treatment and understand problem. Focus changed from boy to mother Requires different techs communication to interpret expression Symbolic of realistic hopes expressed in artwork, starting point for therapy To aid therapist's diagnosis of multiple personality disorder, but all indicators not
over 9 years fragmentation, barrier*, switching, threat*, alert, deception*, therapy, trance, abreaction 355 present. Table 5: summarising general signs of psychiatric disturbance reported in case studies. No. Case description/ diagnosis 29 39 adult psychiatric inpatients 30 177 16-71y. psychiatric outpatients 31 34 adult inpatients depression & Schizophrenia Dot-to-dot geometrical figure Summary description of form reported in artwork Tendency to circle in a clockwise direction (torque) Constricted or expanded figures, drawn along edges of paper, disorganised placing Right hemispheric inhibition, deformation of the whole perceptive space with compression of the right and extension of the left. Left hemispheric inhibition caused initial and final parts shift to right. Interpretation Closely associated with childhood psychosis, existing sensorimotor deficits and early cognitive dev'ment Drawing styles were found to correlate with personality traits Deformation might be based on a nonlinear distortion of the perceptive space with displacement of the initial coordinate point to the right from its geometrical centre.
Page 1:
The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
Page 304 and 305: Supporting this point, the focus ar
Page 306 and 307: Several kinds of difficulties were
Page 308 and 309: portraiture, so it is difficult to
Page 310 and 311: 1, as generally the scores for schi
Page 312 and 313: numbers resulted in differentiation
Page 314 and 315: at or above the usual level. Person
Page 316 and 317: size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
Page 318 and 319: sets had all the identified high ef
Page 320 and 321: hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
Page 322 and 323: eliability of the test and shows th
Page 324 and 325: Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
Page 326 and 327: probably because the form variables
Page 328 and 329: etween different groups of patients
Page 330 and 331: previously unexplored, which comple
Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427:
Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431:
Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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