The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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2. Research studies There were two kinds of studies which offered evidence to support their authors' conclusions: 1. 119 case or series studies presented examples of work and interpretations or extrapolations of this evidence. This kind of study was oriented towards exploring and developing the concepts, techniques and orientation of art therapy. 2. 51 studies of groups systematically compared artwork with that of another group. This kind of study attempted to define characteristics common to specific groups of patients. Section 1. Comparison method for case studies Much of the information presented in these studies could not be classified because of the personal way it was presented: studies presented a section of a personal history, individual to the client; the information given was necessarily selected by the author to contribute to their interpretation and thus was not complete. Data was referred to that was not presented (other pictures or feelings or comments) and the extent of material not presented could not be estimated; thus the interpretation by the author was personal, subjective and not generalisable. Statistical analysis of such description would be artifice. Organisation of this section 64
The purpose of this analysis is to explain how art concepts and techniques benefitted the individual and whether studies identified diagnostic characteristics from psychiatric paintings. There were 4 purposes of making art defended in this literature: 1. 67 studies presented illustrations of the image drawn by the client and concluded that the primary benefit in artmaking was the expression of feelings. 2. 31 studies presented illustrations of themes or signs in the artwork of the client and identified typical diagnostic characteristics. 3. 17 studies presented illustrations of the image drawn by the client and concluded that the primary benefit in art therapy was the therapeutic relationship, within which 8 concluded that the primary benefit in artmaking was to occupy the patient in engaging activity within a supportive environment. 4. 4 studies identified a change in the client's behaviour whilst undertaking art therapy. Descriptive information is presented and discussed through 5 categories of information common to all studies 112 . The discussions centre around the primary purposes of artmaking: the therapy value to the patient, and which variables are independent: Descriptive information about the subjects: age (adolescent, adult, old), sex, diagnosis (1-15 see table 1, note 2, for details); Orientation or intentions of the researcher: not known, cognitive, projective, occupational, analytical; 112 A complete description of all information categories appears in Appendix 1 of this thesis. 65
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
Page 16 and 17: concludes on the effectiveness of t
Page 18 and 19: or drawing progresses, relationship
Page 20 and 21: The link between genius as a produc
Page 22 and 23: again by a multidisciplinary team w
Page 24 and 25: theoretical foundation relating art
Page 26 and 27: the content of which was seemingly
Page 28 and 29: approach. Some of the major critici
Page 30 and 31: Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
Page 32 and 33: molar level and not by individual e
Page 34 and 35: Attempts to lists characteristics o
Page 36 and 37: tests are still popular in assessme
Page 38 and 39: investigation of artwork, but few h
Page 40 and 41: expressions of a disordered psyche.
Page 42 and 43: own paintings, or on interpretation
Page 44 and 45: pointing to integrative or global j
Page 46 and 47: Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
Page 48 and 49: etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
Page 50 and 51: a major proportion of the study mat
Page 52 and 53: psychopathology, something which is
Page 54 and 55: 3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
Page 56 and 57: social/developmental energy theorie
Page 58 and 59: advanced from all types of papers b
Page 60 and 61: Art therapists begin their career f
Page 62 and 63: talent and therefore do not fit in
Page 66 and 67: Method of study or description of t
Page 68 and 69: olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
Page 70 and 71: form of this expression and how it
Page 72 and 73: Content: 16 studies reported change
Page 74 and 75: Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
Page 76 and 77: This section does not deal strictly
Page 78 and 79: correlation of art elements with de
Page 80 and 81: of form 154 . The formal elements w
Page 82 and 83: ecognise and work through the situa
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion The use of art was not i
Page 86 and 87: Thematic interpretation varied with
Page 88 and 89: (2) to find out how the art relates
Page 90 and 91: There were 7 demographic variables:
Page 92 and 93: No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
Page 94 and 95: satisfactory classification as it i
Page 96 and 97: or non-art tests which were not see
Page 98 and 99: favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
Page 100 and 101: procedures, or publishing bias, sin
Page 102 and 103: Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
Page 104 and 105: spread between subjective and objec
Page 106 and 107: are linked to those artistic charac
Page 108 and 109: 3 Demographic variables were used f
Page 110 and 111: Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
Page 112 and 113: However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335:
psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337:
6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339:
Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341:
Validity Analysis of controlled stu
Page 342 and 343:
_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345:
6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347:
Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 354 and 355:
Table 4: summarising changes or sig
Page 356 and 357:
Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383:
Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385:
Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
Page 388 and 389:
10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391:
Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395:
Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399:
INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
Page 406 and 407:
D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 408 and 409:
Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
Page 410 and 411:
Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
Page 414 and 415:
North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427:
Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431:
Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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