psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Skills , Apr., V.50(2):583-590. [V] 33. Kay, S.R. (1978), Qualitative differences in human figure drawings according to schizophrenic subtype, Perceptual and Motor Skills , 47:923-932. [C, V, R, M] 34. Kessler, K. (1994), A study <strong>of</strong> the Diagnostic Drawing Series with eating disordered patients, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.11(2):116-118. [C, V] 35. Kirk, A., Kertesz, A. (1989), Hemispheric contributions to drawing, Neuropsychologia , V.27(6):881-886. [C, V, R, M] 36. Knapp, N.M. (1994), Research with diagnostic drawings for normal and Alzheimer's subjects, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.11(2):131-138. [C, V, R, M] 37. Langevin, R., Raine, M., Day, D., Waxer, K. (1975), Art experience, intelligence and formal features in psychotics' paintings, Arts in Psychothera py (study 1), V.2(2):149-158. [C, V, R] 38. Langevin, R., Raine, M., Day, D., Waxer, K. (1975), Art experience, intelligence and formal features in psychotics' paintings, Arts in Psychotherapy (study 2), V.2(2):149-158. [C, V, R, M] 39. Langevin, R., Hutchins, L.M. (1973), An experimental investigation <strong>of</strong> judges' ratings <strong>of</strong> schizophrenics' and non-schizophrenics' paintings, J. Personality Assessment , Dec., V.37(6):537-543. [V, R] 40. Larrabee, G.J., Kane, R.L. (1983), Differential drawing size associated with unilateral brain damage, Neuropsychologia , V.21(2):173-177. [C, V] 41. Lehman, E.B., Levy, B.I. (1971), Discrepancies in estimates <strong>of</strong> children's intelligence: WISC and human figures drawing, J. Clin Psychology , V.27:74-76. [V] 42. Lerner, C., Ross, G. <strong>The</strong> magazine picture collage: development <strong>of</strong> an objective scoring system, Am. J. <strong>of</strong> Occupational <strong>The</strong>rapy , Mar., V.31(3):156-161. [C, V] 43. Levy, B.I., Ulman, E. (1974), <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> training on judging <strong>psychopathology</strong> from paintings, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.14:24-25. [C, V] 44. McGlashan, T.H., Wadeson, H.S., Carpenter, W.T., Levy, S.T. (1977), Art and recovery style from psychosis, J. Nervous and Mental Disease , V.164(3):182-190. [C, V, R, M] 45. McNiff, S., Oelman, R. (1975), Images <strong>of</strong> fear, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.2(3-4):267-277. [C, V] 46. Miljkovitch, M., Irvine, G.M. Comparison <strong>of</strong> drawing performances <strong>of</strong> schizophrenics, other psychiatric patients and normal schoolchildren on a draw-a-village task, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.9:203-216. [C, V, R, M] 47. Miller, A.L., Atlas, J.A., Arsenio, W.F. (1993), Self-other differentiation among psychotic and conduct-disordered adolescents as measured by human figure drawings, Percep Motor Skills , Apr., V.76(2):397-8. [C, V] 48. Mills, A., Cohen, B.M., Meneses, J.Z. (1993), Reliability and validity tests <strong>of</strong> the Diagnostic Drawing Series, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.20:83-88. [R] 49. DDS study 77 naive raters, unpublished reported in Mills, A., Cohen, B.M., Meneses, J.Z. (1993), Reliability and validity tests <strong>of</strong> the Diagnostic Drawing Series, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.20:83-88. [R] 50. Phillips, E.L., Geller, S.K. (1983), Ireland, M., Research on the use <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy in a university setting, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.23(1):26-29. [R] 51. Phillips, W.M., Phillips, A.M. (1976), Similarity between complexity on Role Construct Repertory Tech and <strong>art</strong>iculation <strong>of</strong> Draw-A-Person test for patients and nonpatients, Perceptual Motor Skills , Dec. V.43(3):1256-1258. [C, V] 52. Rankin, A. (1994), Tree drawings and trauma indicators: a comparison <strong>of</strong> past research with current findings from the DDS, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.11(2):127-130. [C, V, R] 53. Robins, C., Edward, B., Sidney, J., Ford, R.Q. (1991), Changes in human figure drawings during intensive treatment, J. Personality Assessment , Dec. V.57(3):477-97. [C, V] 54. Rosal, M.L. (1993), Changes in locus <strong>of</strong> control in behaviour disordered children, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.20(3:231-241. [C, V] 55. Rubin, J.A., Ragins, N., Shachter, J., Wimberly, F. (1979), Drawings by schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic mothers and their children, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.6(3):163-175. [C, V] 56. Russell-Lacy, S., Robinson, B., Benson, J., Cranage, J. (1979), An experimental study <strong>of</strong> pictures produced by acute schizophrenic subjects, B. J. Psychiatry , V.134:195-200. [C, V, R, M] 57. Sidun, N.M., Rosenthal, R.H. (1987), Graphic indicators <strong>of</strong> sexual abuse in Draw-A-Person tests <strong>of</strong> psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.14(1):25-33. [C, V, R, M] 8. Silver, R., Ellison, J. (1995), Identifying and assessing self-images in drawings by delinquent adolescents, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.22(4):339-352. [R] 392
59. p<strong>art</strong> 2. Silver, R., Ellison, J. (1995), Identifying and assessing self-images in drawings by delinquent adolescents, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.22(4):339-352. [R] 60. Simmonds, D.W., Koocher, G.P. (1973), Perceptual rigidity in paranoid schizophrenics; use <strong>of</strong> projective animal drawings, Perceptual Motor Skills , Aug., V.37(1):247-250. [C, V] 61. Sims, J., Bolton, B., Dana, R.H. (1983), Dimensionality & concurrent validity <strong>of</strong> the Handler DAP anxiety index, Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research , V.6(2):69-79. [V, R] 62. Sullivan, E.V., Mathalon, D.H., Nim Ha, C., Zipursky, R.B., Pfefferbaum, A. (1992), <strong>The</strong> contribution <strong>of</strong> constructional accuracy and organizational strategy to nonverbal recall in schizophrenia and chronic alcoholism, Biological Psychiatry V.32(4):312-333. [C, V] 63. Tharinger, D.J.; Stark, K.D. (1990), A qualitative versus <strong>quantitative</strong> approach to evaluating the Draw- A-Person and Kinetic Family Drawing:a study <strong>of</strong> mood and anxiety disorder children, Psychological Assessment , V.2(4):365-375. [V] 64. Van Ho<strong>of</strong>, J.J., Hulstijn, W., Van Mier, H., Pagen, M. (1993), Figure drawing and psychomotor retardation: preliminary report, J. <strong>of</strong> Affective Disorders , Dec., V.29(4):263-6. [C, V] 65. Verinis, J.S., Lichtenberg, E.F., Henrich, L. (1974), <strong>The</strong> Draw A Person in the rain technique: Its relationship to diagnostic categories and other personality indicators, (experiment 1), J. Clin. Psychology , Jul. V.30(3):407-414. [C, V] 66. Verinis, J.S., Lichtenberg, E.F., Henrich, L. (1974), <strong>The</strong> Draw A Person in the rain technique: Its relationship to Drawing categories and other personality indicators (experiment 2), J. Clin Psychology Jul. V.30(3): 407-414 [C, V] 67. Verinis, J.S Lichtenberg, E.F., Henrich, L.(1974), <strong>The</strong> Draw A Person in the rain technique: Its relationship to Drawing categories and other personality indicators (experiment 3), J. Clin Psychology Jul. V.30(3): 407-414 [C, V] 68. Wadeson, H., Carpenter, W.T. (1976), A comparative study <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> schizophrenic unipolar depressives and bipolar manic-depressive patients, J. Nervous Mental Disease , May, V.162(5):334-344. [C, V] 69. Wadlington, W.L., McWhinnie, H.J. (1973), <strong>The</strong> development <strong>of</strong> a rating scale for the study <strong>of</strong> formal aesthetic qualities in the paintings <strong>of</strong> mental patients, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.1(3-4):201-220. [C, V, R, M] 70. Waldman, T.L., Silber, D.E., Holmstrom, R.W., Karp, S.A. (1994), Personality characteristics <strong>of</strong> incest survivors on the draw-a-person questionnaire, J. Personality Assessment , V.63(1):97-104. [C, V] 71. Walsh, F.W. (1979), Breaching <strong>of</strong> family generation boundaries by schizophrenics, disturbed and normals, Int. J. <strong>of</strong> Family Th erapy , Fall, V.1(3):254-75. [C, V] 72. Walsh, S.M. (1993), Future images: an <strong>art</strong> intervention with suicidal adolescents, Applied Nursing Research , Aug., V.6(3):111-8. [C, V] 73. Wittels, B. (1982), Interpretation <strong>of</strong> the 'body <strong>of</strong> water' metaphor in patient <strong>art</strong>work as p<strong>art</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Diagnostic process, Arts in Psychotherapy , Fall, V.9(3):177-182. [C, V] 74. Wittlin, B.W., Augusthy, R. (1988), Comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> <strong>psychopathology</strong> and discharge diagnoses <strong>of</strong> diagnostic unit patients, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Dec., V.5(1):94-98. [V] 75. Wright, J.H., Macintyre, M.P. (1982), <strong>The</strong> family drawing depression scale, J. Clin. Psychology , V.38(4): 853-861. [C, V, R, M] 76. Wright, S.K., Ashman, A.F. (1991), <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> symbols in drawings by children, nondisabled adolescents and adolescents with an intellectual disability, Developmental Disabilities Bulletin , V.19(2):105-128. [C, V] 77. Yaguchi, K. (1981), A study <strong>of</strong> tree drawings in aged groups: An examination <strong>of</strong> formal indices <strong>of</strong> the drawings, J. Child Development , Jan., V.17:32-34. [C, V] 78. Young, N.A. (1975), Art therapy with chronic schizophrenic patients <strong>of</strong> a low socio-economic class in a short term treatment facility, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.2(1):101-117. [C, V] 79. Zucker, K.J., Finegan, J.K., Doering, R.W., Bradley, S.J. (1983), Human figure drawings <strong>of</strong> gender problem children: A comparison to sibling, psychiatric, and normal controls, J. Abnormal Child Psychology , 11:287-298. [V] 393
- Page 1:
The psychopathology of everyday art
- Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
- Page 6 and 7:
List of Illustrations, Figures and
- Page 8 and 9:
quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
- Page 10 and 11:
Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
- Page 12 and 13:
Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
- Page 14 and 15:
Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
- Page 16 and 17:
concludes on the effectiveness of t
- Page 18 and 19:
or drawing progresses, relationship
- Page 20 and 21:
The link between genius as a produc
- Page 22 and 23:
again by a multidisciplinary team w
- Page 24 and 25:
theoretical foundation relating art
- Page 26 and 27:
the content of which was seemingly
- Page 28 and 29:
approach. Some of the major critici
- Page 30 and 31:
Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
- Page 32 and 33:
molar level and not by individual e
- Page 34 and 35:
Attempts to lists characteristics o
- Page 36 and 37:
tests are still popular in assessme
- Page 38 and 39:
investigation of artwork, but few h
- Page 40 and 41:
expressions of a disordered psyche.
- Page 42 and 43:
own paintings, or on interpretation
- Page 44 and 45:
pointing to integrative or global j
- Page 46 and 47:
Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
- Page 48 and 49:
etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
- Page 50 and 51:
a major proportion of the study mat
- Page 52 and 53:
psychopathology, something which is
- Page 54 and 55:
3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
- Page 56 and 57:
social/developmental energy theorie
- Page 58 and 59:
advanced from all types of papers b
- Page 60 and 61:
Art therapists begin their career f
- Page 62 and 63:
talent and therefore do not fit in
- Page 64 and 65:
2. Research studies There were two
- Page 66 and 67:
Method of study or description of t
- Page 68 and 69:
olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
- Page 70 and 71:
form of this expression and how it
- Page 72 and 73:
Content: 16 studies reported change
- Page 74 and 75:
Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
- Page 76 and 77:
This section does not deal strictly
- Page 78 and 79:
correlation of art elements with de
- Page 80 and 81:
of form 154 . The formal elements w
- Page 82 and 83:
ecognise and work through the situa
- Page 84 and 85:
Conclusion The use of art was not i
- Page 86 and 87:
Thematic interpretation varied with
- Page 88 and 89:
(2) to find out how the art relates
- Page 90 and 91:
There were 7 demographic variables:
- Page 92 and 93:
No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
- Page 94 and 95:
satisfactory classification as it i
- Page 96 and 97:
or non-art tests which were not see
- Page 98 and 99:
favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
- Page 100 and 101:
procedures, or publishing bias, sin
- Page 102 and 103:
Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
- Page 104 and 105:
spread between subjective and objec
- Page 106 and 107:
are linked to those artistic charac
- Page 108 and 109:
3 Demographic variables were used f
- Page 110 and 111:
Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
- Page 112 and 113:
However, there were few tests which
- Page 114 and 115:
include recognisable or identifiabl
- Page 116 and 117:
and emotional indicators in drawing
- Page 118 and 119:
The DDS (1988) study was an explora
- Page 120 and 121:
which were not significant - and I
- Page 122 and 123:
eliability studies or studies which
- Page 124 and 125:
Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
- Page 126 and 127:
etween grades of the same diagnosis
- Page 128 and 129:
personally expressive images than '
- Page 130 and 131:
to trees (52); size of figure (75);
- Page 132 and 133:
Table 4: reliability statistics and
- Page 134 and 135:
Line Table 5: reliability statistic
- Page 136 and 137:
Purpose or use of line contained on
- Page 138 and 139:
Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
- Page 140 and 141:
Colour Table 7: reliability statist
- Page 142 and 143:
number of colours. Furthermore with
- Page 144 and 145:
subcategories were congruous and al
- Page 146 and 147:
(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
- Page 148 and 149:
Summary: There are unresolved defin
- Page 150 and 151:
Summary: The effect which distingui
- Page 152 and 153:
Summary: Striking variation in glob
- Page 154 and 155:
Reliability: Perseveration is a non
- Page 156 and 157:
(including schizophrenics) against
- Page 158 and 159:
The studies are difficult to sum up
- Page 160 and 161:
indicate greater agreement (even th
- Page 162 and 163:
Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
- Page 164 and 165:
of drawing areas and to quantify wh
- Page 166 and 167:
Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
- Page 168 and 169:
techniques which compensate for unr
- Page 170 and 171:
drawing evaluation with comments fr
- Page 172 and 173:
There are few answers to this criti
- Page 174 and 175:
attention to overall effect sizes t
- Page 176 and 177:
The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
- Page 178 and 179:
Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
- Page 180 and 181:
Less than a third of the drawing ar
- Page 182 and 183:
Case study and controlled research
- Page 184 and 185:
potential for psychiatric populatio
- Page 186 and 187:
only are discussed (indicators whic
- Page 188 and 189:
specific areas of positivity could
- Page 190 and 191:
Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
- Page 192 and 193:
Table 2: Summary table of expected
- Page 194 and 195:
Previous methods of assessing atomi
- Page 196 and 197:
cases as to whether informed consen
- Page 198 and 199:
It was decided to use a large mixed
- Page 200 and 201:
paintings was not reliable enough t
- Page 202 and 203:
computed on any of these levels. Gr
- Page 204 and 205:
The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
- Page 206 and 207:
The extremes of the distribution fo
- Page 208 and 209:
The difficulty with using t-tests i
- Page 210 and 211:
addition it leaves out other variab
- Page 212 and 213:
nebulous for reasonable conclusions
- Page 214 and 215:
identified were included in the stu
- Page 216 and 217:
DISCUSSION • The validity of the
- Page 218 and 219:
and the test used terminology which
- Page 220 and 221:
How the data were structured Althou
- Page 222 and 223:
How well does the method agree? Tab
- Page 224 and 225:
- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
- Page 226 and 227:
Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
- Page 228 and 229:
All of the scales were understood b
- Page 230 and 231:
Table 1: Demographics for experimen
- Page 232 and 233:
classify, even as in and out patien
- Page 234 and 235:
score for each subject was a ratio
- Page 236 and 237:
each participant received the same
- Page 238 and 239:
Results Interaction effects: The me
- Page 240 and 241:
was no evidence of impoverishment f
- Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
- Page 244 and 245:
appendix 2) and these were left in
- Page 246 and 247:
fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
- Page 248 and 249:
Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
- Page 250 and 251:
1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
- Page 252 and 253:
schizophrenia was indistinguishable
- Page 254 and 255:
Black: Black is the darkest colour
- Page 256 and 257:
the other groups since no confidenc
- Page 258 and 259:
Drawn line: The normal distribution
- Page 260 and 261:
proportions of empty space in the p
- Page 262 and 263:
1. Depressives showed significantly
- Page 264 and 265:
function contributed significantly
- Page 266 and 267:
the discriminant analysis. It will
- Page 268 and 269:
Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
- Page 270 and 271:
Table 15: showing correlations betw
- Page 272 and 273:
2. Intensity showed a correlation o
- Page 274 and 275:
quality and reliability of their me
- Page 276 and 277:
as being unreliable, would be metho
- Page 278 and 279:
There would be a correlation betwee
- Page 280 and 281:
Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
- Page 282 and 283:
Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
- Page 284 and 285:
The DAPA results for depression are
- Page 286 and 287:
abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
- Page 288 and 289:
Control pictures showed the only as
- Page 290 and 291:
yellow Structural variables Figures
- Page 292 and 293:
directly, to answer this question.
- Page 294 and 295:
yellow and green, its removal would
- Page 296 and 297:
Schizophrenics used little colour e
- Page 298 and 299:
directly to the environment; assess
- Page 300 and 301:
influence on apparent negativity. W
- Page 302 and 303:
ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
- Page 304 and 305:
Supporting this point, the focus ar
- Page 306 and 307:
Several kinds of difficulties were
- Page 308 and 309:
portraiture, so it is difficult to
- Page 310 and 311:
1, as generally the scores for schi
- Page 312 and 313:
numbers resulted in differentiation
- Page 314 and 315:
at or above the usual level. Person
- Page 316 and 317:
size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
- Page 318 and 319:
sets had all the identified high ef
- Page 320 and 321:
hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
- Page 322 and 323:
eliability of the test and shows th
- Page 324 and 325:
Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
- Page 326 and 327:
probably because the form variables
- Page 328 and 329:
etween different groups of patients
- Page 330 and 331:
previously unexplored, which comple
- Page 332 and 333:
statistical tests and missing data
- Page 334 and 335:
psychopathology in clinical diagnos
- Page 336 and 337:
6 scales to categorise commonalitie
- Page 338 and 339:
Orientation of the researcher, what
- Page 340 and 341:
Validity Analysis of controlled stu
- Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
- Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
- Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
- Page 348 and 349: Correlation table 20 for DAPA varia
- Page 350 and 351: Correlation table 19 for DAPA varia
- Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
- Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
- Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
- Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
- Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
- Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
- Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
- Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
- Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
- Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
- Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
- Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
- Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
- Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
- Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
- Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
- Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
- Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
- Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
- Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
- Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
- Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
- Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
- Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
- Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
- Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
- Page 410 and 411: Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
- Page 412 and 413: Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
- Page 414 and 415: North Staffordshire Health Authorit
- Page 416 and 417: Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
- Page 418 and 419: Bibliography 418
- Page 420 and 421: Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
- Page 422 and 423: V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
- Page 424 and 425: Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
- Page 426 and 427: Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
- Page 428 and 429: MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
- Page 430 and 431: Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth