The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

Instruments
Diagnostic Tests: What is the ICD10(DCR)
The International criteria for Diagnoses developed by the World Health Organisation
(WHO) is the most widely used classification system in the world. Its development is
detailed elsewhere 251 . It is recognised as a standardised, easy to apply system with
excellent reliability between raters. The DSM 252 system, which is more popular in art-
therapy literature represents North American modifications of the ICD sections; DSMs
must be compatible with ICD. The main differences are in the higher rate of multiple
coding of selected disorders encouraged by the use of DSM-III. Collaborative
development of ICD-10 with DSMIV has now aligned these even more closely 253 .
Because of the diagnostic procedure, and the experience of the clinician, for this research,
the ICD-10 classifications provided the simplest and most reliable procedures.
Reliability: All ICD-10 clinical diagnoses are organised into 10 two-character groups
(e.g. F2 for all Schizophrenic disorders). These two-character groups are subdivided into
3 character groups (e.g. F20 for schizophrenia), which in turn are subdivided into 4
character codes (e.g. F20.0 for paranoid schizophrenia). Interrater agreement can be
251
J.E. Cooper (1988), The structure and presentation of contemporary psychiatric classifications with
special reference to ICD9 and 10. British Journal Psychiatry , V.152 (suppl.1):21-28. N. Sartorius (1991),
The classification of mental disorders in the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases.
European Psychiatry , V.6:315-322. Details of planning, organisation and conduct of international field
trials are also provided elsewhere, WHO DMH Mental behavioral and developmental disorder ("clinical
descriptions and diagnostic guidelines"), in International Classification of Diseases , Tenth Revision (June
1987 Draft for Field Trials). Geneva, WHO, 1987. J. Burke (1988), Field trials of the 1987 draft of
chapter V (F) of ICD-10. British J. Psychiatry , V.152 (suppl.1):33-57.
252
American Psychiatric Association (1987), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.
rev.), Washington D.C.:Author.
253
D.A. Regier, C.T. Kaelber, M.T. Roper, D.S. Rae, N. Sartorius (1994), The ICD-10 Clinical Field
Trial for Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Results in Canada and the United States, Am. J. Psychiatry ,
V.151(9):1340-1350.
201