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Control pictures showed the only association between the brighter colours, red and yellow, but they were not the only group to use multiple colours: schizophrenics showed association between all colours but black. Three of the other four groups showed associations with green. There was no polarisation to darker colours/brighter colours for any or all of the patient/control groups. The separation between controls and the patients on quantity of colour is clear, especially in red and green. No colours, including black, isolated depression or personality disorder. There were some positive indicators: Large quantities of black indicated substance abuse Small quantities of black indicated schizophrenia. Large quantities of red and green (and possibly yellow) indicated control. Most of the literature seemed to suggest more chromatic variation 311 , but comparison of the DAPA procedure with other major studies is difficult since they group colours or use a system which includes opinion, such as 'inappropriate colour' 312 . Studies claim to be supported by reference to the patient, but the assumption that the patient is an informed source must surely be questionable, especially as most of the practical literature insist that the art process is an unconscious one, that the associations are made afterwards, and cannot be made by the patient alone 313 . This research generally refutes the diagnostic 311 W. L. Wadlington and H.J. McWhinnie (1973) The development of a rating scale for the study of aesthetic qualities in the paintings of mental patients, Art Psychotherapy, V1(3-4):201-20, tested chromatic variation between 5 patient groups (in value and tonality) but schizophrenics were separated from paranoid schizophrenics. They found most depressives and neurotics scored higher than schizophrenics and patients with adjustment reaction. 312 The DDS, Cohen, Hammer and Singer (1988), op.cit.; Linda Gantt (1990)A validity study of the Formal Elements in Art Therapy Scale (FEATS) for diagnostic information in patients' drawings, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - 'colour fit'; The SPAR scale, Bergland & Gonzalez (1993), op.cit. - expressive 'developmental' level. 313 T. Dalley and C. Case (1992), Handbook of Art Therapy , London: Routledge. This subject is addressed 288
interpretation of the meaning, quality of colour and emotional associations 314 which have appeared in the literature and are summarised in table 2. Taking into account the diagnostic expectations, few of the common interpretations of the meaning or associations of colours made sense within the placement of diagnostic groups in this study; observations and experience reported in the literature probably related the colour more to the content and associations from the subject. The explanation that the affect value of a colour varies with some other characteristic of the painting 315 would probably demand a greater variation in the confidence intervals, so cautions from authors presenting these theories which recommend support from other case related aspects, as with the interpretations from Tasco are well founded. Generally the controls used more of all colours except black. This tends to cast suspicion generally on the table of interpretations since normality should not represent an extreme. Where agreement with the interpretation was indicated, it was between patient groups but some indications were contradictory. The lower extremes were split between substance abuse and schizophrenia. in the introduction. 314 R.R. Crane and B.I. Levy (1962) Color scales in responses to emotionally laden situations, J. Consulting Psychology , V.26(6):515-9, different emotional situations lead to different colour scaling; I.G. Martin, Universal vs learned emotional responses to colors: afterthoughts to thesis research, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.9:245-7 discusses theoretical confusion of the literature on the relationship between color and affect, whilst broadly supportive of universal meanings of colour. 315 Levy (1984/1980), op.cit. reported that colour and emotion were related, advised art therapists to consider colour "yet another source of information about our clients, a valuable guide in forming helpful reactions based on our clients' art work". 289
Page 1:
The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
Page 238 and 239: Results Interaction effects: The me
Page 240 and 241: was no evidence of impoverishment f
Page 242 and 243: Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
Page 244 and 245: appendix 2) and these were left in
Page 246 and 247: fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
Page 248 and 249: Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
Page 250 and 251: 1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
Page 252 and 253: schizophrenia was indistinguishable
Page 254 and 255: Black: Black is the darkest colour
Page 256 and 257: the other groups since no confidenc
Page 258 and 259: Drawn line: The normal distribution
Page 260 and 261: proportions of empty space in the p
Page 262 and 263: 1. Depressives showed significantly
Page 264 and 265: function contributed significantly
Page 266 and 267: the discriminant analysis. It will
Page 268 and 269: Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
Page 270 and 271: Table 15: showing correlations betw
Page 272 and 273: 2. Intensity showed a correlation o
Page 274 and 275: quality and reliability of their me
Page 276 and 277: as being unreliable, would be metho
Page 278 and 279: There would be a correlation betwee
Page 280 and 281: Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
Page 282 and 283: Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
Page 284 and 285: The DAPA results for depression are
Page 286 and 287: abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
Page 290 and 291: yellow Structural variables Figures
Page 292 and 293: directly, to answer this question.
Page 294 and 295: yellow and green, its removal would
Page 296 and 297: Schizophrenics used little colour e
Page 298 and 299: directly to the environment; assess
Page 300 and 301: influence on apparent negativity. W
Page 302 and 303: ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
Page 304 and 305: Supporting this point, the focus ar
Page 306 and 307: Several kinds of difficulties were
Page 308 and 309: portraiture, so it is difficult to
Page 310 and 311: 1, as generally the scores for schi
Page 312 and 313: numbers resulted in differentiation
Page 314 and 315: at or above the usual level. Person
Page 316 and 317: size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
Page 318 and 319: sets had all the identified high ef
Page 320 and 321: hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
Page 322 and 323: eliability of the test and shows th
Page 324 and 325: Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
Page 326 and 327: probably because the form variables
Page 328 and 329: etween different groups of patients
Page 330 and 331: previously unexplored, which comple
Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
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MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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