Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader view <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy, Art Psychotherapy , Fall, V.1(2):75-79. Honig, S. (1975), Ideation in the <strong>art</strong>work <strong>of</strong> suicidal patients, Art Psychotherapy , V.2:77-85. Hunyady, H. (1984), A report <strong>of</strong> a drawing therapy for children's nightmares, J. Evolutionary Psychology , Mar., V.5(1-2):129-30. Hymes, S.M. (1983), <strong>The</strong> therapeutic nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> in self reparation, Psychoanalysis Review , Spr., V.70(1):57-68. Jakab, I. (1976), Comprehensive view <strong>of</strong> the creative process in psychopathological <strong>art</strong>: a panel discussion at the 7th International Congress <strong>of</strong> Psychopathology <strong>of</strong> Expression, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.19(4):177- 206. James, R.T., Burrows, T.M. (1981), Right brain exercises and whole brain medicine, J. Holistic Medicine , Fall-Win., V.3(2):152-6. Jenkins, H., Donnelly, M. (1983), <strong>The</strong> therapist's responsibility: a systemic approach to mobilizing family creativity, J. Family <strong>The</strong>rapy , Aug., V.5(3):199-218. Johnson, C., Lahey, P.P., Shore, A. (1992), An exploration <strong>of</strong> creative <strong>art</strong>s therapeutic group work on an Alzheimer's unit, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.19(4):269-277. Johnson, D.R. (1987), <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> the creative <strong>art</strong>s therapies in the diagnosis and treatment <strong>of</strong> psychological trauma, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.14(1):7-13. Johnson, L. (1990), Creative therapies in the treatment <strong>of</strong> addictions: the <strong>art</strong> <strong>of</strong> transforming shame, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.17(4):299-308. Jones, D. (1978), Art <strong>The</strong>rapy, Art Psychotherapy , V.5(1):11-12. Joraski, M.F. (1986), <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> creative <strong>art</strong>s in cognitive rehabilitation, Cognitive Rehabilitation , Mar- Apr., V.4(2):18-23. Kagin, S.L., Lusebrink, V.B. (1978), <strong>The</strong> expressive therapies continuum, Art Psychotherapy , V.5(4):171- 180. Kaslow, N.J., Eichner, V.W. (1988), Body image therapy: a combined creative <strong>art</strong>s therapy and verbal psychotherapy approach, Arts in Psychotherapy , Fall, V.15(3):177-188. Kelly, C.R. (1988), Expressive therapy assessment, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.15(1):63-70. Kidd, J., Wix, L. (1996) Images <strong>of</strong> the he<strong>art</strong>: archetypal imagery in therapeutic <strong>art</strong>work, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.13(2):108-13. Killick, K. (1993), Working with psychotic processes in <strong>art</strong> therapy, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy , V.7(1):25-38. Kivalo, A. (1978), Art therapy with children, Psychiatria Fennica p.93-102. Kramer, E.S. (1982), <strong>The</strong> history <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy in a large mental hospital, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Apr., V.21(3):75-84. Kramer, E.S. (1977), Art therapy and play, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.17(1):3-11. Kramer, E. (1986), <strong>The</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapist's third hand: reflections on <strong>art</strong>, <strong>art</strong> therapy, and society at large, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Feb., V.24(3):71-86. Kramer, E., Schehr, J. (1983), An <strong>art</strong> therapy evaluation session for children, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.23(1):3-12. Lachman, M., Stuntz, E.C., Jones, N. (1975), Art therapy in the psychotherapy <strong>of</strong> a mother and her son, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jul., V.14(4):105-116. Lachman-Chapin, M. (1985), Ericksonian hypnosis and <strong>art</strong> therapy, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , May, V.23(4):115-124. Lachman-Chapin, M (1983), Making verbal the nonverbal: a commentary, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.1(1):47-9. Lanc, J. (1982), "Encapsulating" and "examining" schizophrenics: proposal for treatment within a short term framework, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.3:49-57. Landg<strong>art</strong>en, H., Junge, M., Tasem, M., Watson, M. (1978), Art therapy as a modality for crisis intervention: children express reactions to violence in their community, Clinical Social Work Journal , Fall, V.6(3):221-229. Landg<strong>art</strong>en, H. (1983), Art psychotherapy for depressed elders, Clinical Gerontologist , Fall, V.2(1):45-53. Landg<strong>art</strong>en, H. (1981), Family <strong>art</strong> psychotherapy, Int. J. Family Psychiatry , V.2(3-4):379-395. Landg<strong>art</strong>en, H. (1975), Adult <strong>art</strong> psychotherapy, Art Psychotherapy , V.2(1):65-76. Lawlor, E.M. (1992), Creativity and change: the two-tiered creative <strong>art</strong>s therapy approach to co-dependency treatment, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.19(1):19-27. Leedy, J.J. (1973), Poetry therapy and some links to <strong>art</strong> therapy, Art Psychotherapy , Fall, V.1(2):145-151. 380
Lerner, A. (1984), Some observations and comments on symposium held June 22-24 1984: <strong>The</strong> creative <strong>art</strong>s in therapy as an integral p<strong>art</strong> <strong>of</strong> treatment for the 90s: Looking ahead - planning together, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.11(4):293-5. Levens, M. (1990), Borderline aspects in eating disorders: <strong>art</strong> therapy's contribution, Group Analysis , Sep., V.23(3):277-284. Levick, M. (1975), Transference and counter-transference as manifested in graphic productions, Art Psychotherapy , V.2(3-4):203-215. Levick, M. (1978), Response to paper by Dr. Edwin Hammer, Art Psych otherapy , V.5(1):31-33. Levine, S.K. (1994), Order and chaos in therapy and the <strong>art</strong>s: an encounter with Rudolf Arnheim, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.21(4):269-278. Levy, B. (1978), Art therapy in a women's correctional facility, Art Psychotherapy , V.5(3):157-166. Lewis, P.P. (1988), <strong>The</strong> transformative process within the imaginal realm, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.15(4):309-316. Lincoln, L. (1987), Body image remediation through creative <strong>art</strong>s therapy, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.8:35-44. Linden, J. (1985), Insight through metaphor in psychotherapy and creativity, Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought , V.8(3):375-406. Linesch, D. (1994), Interpretation in <strong>art</strong> therapy research and practice: the hermeneutic circle, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.21(3):185-195. Loo, C.M. (1974), <strong>The</strong> self-puzzle: a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, J. Personality Assessment , Jun., V.38(3):236-242. Lorenzetti, M. (1994), (trans. A. C<strong>of</strong>fetti), Perspectives on integration between <strong>art</strong>s therapy areas, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.21(2):113-117. Lund, C., Ormerod, E., George, K. (1986), Art group psychotherapy in a psychiatric day unit, British Journal <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry , Oct., V.149:152-515. Lyon, J.G. (1995), Communicative drawing: an augmentative mode <strong>of</strong> interaction, Aphasiology, Jan-Feb., V.9(1):84-94. Lyon, J.G.; Helm-Estabrooks, N. (1987), Drawing: Its communicative significance for expressively restricted aphasic adults, Topics in Language Disorders , Dec. V.8(1):61-71. Maclagan, D. (1995), Fantasy and the aesthetic: have they become the uninvited guests at <strong>art</strong> therapy's feast? Arts in Psychotherapy , V.22(3):217-221. Macrae, M., Smith, G. (1973), Combining music with <strong>art</strong> psychotherapy, Art Psychotherapy , Win., V.1(3-4):229-241. Marion, P., Felix, M. (1980), From denial to self-esteem: <strong>art</strong> therapy with the mentally retarded, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.7(3):201-5. Mango, C. (1993), <strong>The</strong> oral matrix, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.20(50:403-10. M<strong>art</strong>in, E. (1997), <strong>The</strong> symbolic graphic life line: integrating the past and present through graphic imagery, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy V.14(4):261-267. McNeilly, G. (1983), Directive and non-directive approaches in <strong>art</strong> therapy, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.10(4):211-219. McNeilly, G. (1990), Group analysis and <strong>art</strong> therapy: a personal perspective, Group Analysis , Sep., V.23(3):215-24. McNiff, S. (1979), From shamanism to <strong>art</strong> therapy, Art Psychotherapy , V.6(3):155-161. McNiff, S. (1975), On <strong>art</strong> therapy: a conversation with Rudolf Arnheim, Art Psychotherapy , V.2(3-4):195- 202. McSweeney, M. (1990), <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> transitional space within an expressive therapy relationship, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.11:63-71. McWhinnie, H.J. (1985), Carl Jung and Heinz Werner and implications for foundational studies in <strong>art</strong> education and <strong>art</strong> therapy, Arts in Psychothe rapy , Sum., V.12(2):95-99. Melanson, G.M. (1985), Gesture drawing: an avenue to personal myth, Saybrook Review , Fall-Win., V.5(2):73-82. Miller, M.G. (1986) Art - a creative teaching tool, Academic <strong>The</strong>rapy , Sep., V.22(1):53-6. Mitchell, D. (1978), A note on <strong>art</strong> psychotherapy and poetry therapy: the coordination <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> and poetry as an expressive technique, Art Psychotherapy , V.5(4):223-5. Mitzushima, K. (1971), Art therapies in Japan, Interpersonal Development , V.2(4):213-221. 381
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
- Page 330 and 331: previously unexplored, which comple
- Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
- Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
- Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
- Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
- Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
- Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
- Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
- Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
- Page 348 and 349: Correlation table 20 for DAPA varia
- Page 350 and 351: Correlation table 19 for DAPA varia
- Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
- Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
- Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
- Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
- Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
- Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
- Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
- Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
- Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
- Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
- Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
- Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
- Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
- Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
- Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
- Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
- Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
- Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
- Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
- Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
- Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
- Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
- Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
- Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
- Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
- Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
- Page 410 and 411: Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
- Page 412 and 413: Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
- Page 414 and 415: North Staffordshire Health Authorit
- Page 416 and 417: Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
- Page 418 and 419: Bibliography 418
- Page 420 and 421: Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
- Page 422 and 423: V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
- Page 424 and 425: Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
- Page 426 and 427: Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
- Page 428 and 429: MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth