The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1. Impressionistic/Theoretical Studies 2. Case Studies of Artists 3. Case Studies - change of theme or content elements 4. Case Studies - change of objective or formal elements 5. Case Studies - change of behaviour 6. Case Studies - therapeutic benefit - relationship 7. Case Studies - therapeutic benefit - expression of feelings 8. Controlled Studies 376
Table of Authorities Impressionistic studies Abraham, A. (1990), The projection of the inner group in drawing, Group Analysis , Dec., V.23(4):391- 401. Adler, R.F., Fisher, P. (1984), My self ... through music, movement and art, Arts in Psychotherapy , Fall, V.11(3):203-8. Adelman, E., Castricone, L. (1986), An expressive arts model for substance abuse group training and treatment, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.13(1):53-9. Albert-Puleo, N. (1980), Modern psychoanalytic art therapy and its application to drug abuse, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.7(1):43-52. Albert-Puleo, N., Osha, V. (1976), Art therapy as an alcoholism treatment tool, Alcohol Health and Research World , Win., V.1[2]28-31. Allan, J., Clark, M. (1984), Directed art counselling, Elementary School Guidance and Counselling , Dec., V.19(2):116-24. Allen, P.B. (1983), Group art therapy in short-term hospital settings, Am. J. Art Therapy , Apr., V.22(3):93-5. Allen, P.B. (1985), Integrating art therapy into an alcoholism treatment program, Am. J. Art Therapy , Aug., V.24(1):10-12. Amos, S.P. (1982), The diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of schizophrenic art, Arts in Psychotherapy , Sum., V.9(2):131-143. Arrington, D. (1991), Thinking systems-seeing systems: an integrative model for systematically oriented art therapy, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.18(3):201-11. Atlas, J.A., Smith, P., Sessoms, L. (1992), Art and poetry in brief therapy of hospitalized adolescents, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.19(4):279-83. Assael, M., Popovici-Wacks, M. (1989), Artistic expression in spontaneous paintings of depressed patients, Israel J. of Psychiatry and Related Science s , V.26(4):223-243. Assael, M. (1978), Spontaneous painting: means of communication, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.21(1-3):10- 24. Avstreih, A.K., Brown, J.J. (1979), Some aspects of movement and art therapy as related to the analytic situation, Psychoanalytic R eview , V.66(1):49-68. Ba, G. (1988), Strategies of rehabilitation in the day hospital, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , V.50(3):151-6. Bender, L., Wolfson, W.Q. (1983), Boats in the art and fantasy of children, Am. J. Art Therapy , Jul., V.22(4):125-8. Benveniste, D. (1985), Picture-time: a nondirective approach to art psychotherapy, Arts in Psychotherapy , Fall, V.12(3):171-180. Betensky, M. (1978), Phenomenology of self-expression in theory and practice, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.21(1-3):31-36. Betensky, M. (1973), Patterns of visual expression in art psychotherapy, Art Psychotherapy , Fall, V.1(2):121-9. Billig, O. (1973), The schizophrenic "artist's" expression of movement, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.16(1):1- 27. Bishop, J. (1978), Creativity, art and play therapy, Canadian Counsellor , Jan., V.12(2):138-146. Bowers, J.J. (1992), Therapy through art. Facilitating treatment of sexual abuse, J. of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services , Jun., V.30(6):15-24. Breslow, D.M. (1993), Creative arts for hospitals: the UCLA experiment, Patient Education and Counselling , Jun., V.21(1-2):101-110. Brown, R.J. (1993), The fishing image: a preliminary study, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.20(2):167-171. Buchalter-Katz, S. (1985), Observations concerning the art productions of depressed patients in a shortterm psychiatric facility, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.12:35-8. Buck, L.A., Kardeman, E., Goldstein, F. (1985), Artistic talent in "autistic" adolescents and young adults, Empirical Studies of the Arts , V.3(1):81-104. Buckland, A., Bennett, D.L. (1995), Youth arts in hospital: engaging creativity in care, International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health , Jan-Mar., V.8(1):17-27. Burgess, A.W., Hartman, C.R., Grant, C.A., Clover, C.L., Snyder, W., King, L.A. (1991), Drawing a 377
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
Page 326 and 327: probably because the form variables
Page 328 and 329: etween different groups of patients
Page 330 and 331: previously unexplored, which comple
Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
Page 382 and 383: Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
Page 410 and 411: Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
Page 412 and 413: Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
Page 414 and 415: North Staffordshire Health Authorit
Page 416 and 417: Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
Page 418 and 419: Bibliography 418
Page 420 and 421: Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
Page 422 and 423: V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425: Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
Page 426 and 427:
Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
Page 430 and 431:
Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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