Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Table 10. Puget Sound Chinook salmon - preliminary population structure, abundances, and hatchery contributions (Good, Waples et al. 2005). Population Historical Abundance Most Recent Spawner Abundance Hatchery Abundance Contributions Nooksack-North Fork 26,000 1,538 91% Nooksack-South Fork 13,000 338 40% Lower Skagit 22,000 2,527 0.2% Upper Skagit 35,000 9,489 2% Upper Cascade 1,700 274 0.3% Lower Sauk 7,800 601 0% Upper Sauk 4,200 324 0% Suiattle 830 365 0% Stillaguamish-North Fork 24,000 1,154 40% Stillaguamish-South Fork 20,000 270 Unknown Skykomish 51,000 4,262 40% Snoqualmie 33,000 2,067 16% North Lake Washington Unknown 331 Unknown Cedar Unknown 327 Unknown Green Unknown 8,884 83% White Unknown 844 Unknown Puyallup 33,000 1,653 Unknown Nisqually 18,000 1,195 Unknown Skokomish Unknown 1,392 Unknown Dosewallips 4,700 48 Unknown Duckabush Unknown 43 Unknown Hamma Hamma Unknown 196 Unknown Mid Hood Canal Unknown 311 Unknown Dungeness 8,100 222 Unknown Elwha Unknown 688 Unknown Total ~690,000 39,343 Life History Chinook salmon in this area generally have an “ocean-type” life history. Puget Sound populations exhibit both the early-returning and late-returning Chinook salmon spawners described by Healey (1997). However, within these two generalized behavioral forms, substantial variation occurs in juvenile behavior and residence time in fresh water and estuarine environments. Hayman et al. (1996) described three juvenile life histories for Chinook salmon with varying freshwater and estuarine residency times in the Skagit River system in northern Puget Sound. Chinook salmon use the nearshore area of Puget Sound during all seasons of the year and can be found long distances from their natal river systems (Brennan, Higgins et al. 2004). 82
Status and Trends Puget Sound Chinook salmon were listed as threatened in 1999 (64 FR 14308). This status was re-affirmed on June 28, 2005 (70 FR 37160). This ESU has lost 15 spawning aggregations that were either demographically independent historical populations or major components of the life history diversity of the remaining 22 existing independent historical populations identified (Good, Waples et al. 2005). Nine of the 15 extinct spawning aggregations were early-run type Chinook salmon (Good, Waples et al. 2005). The disproportionate loss of early-run life history diversity represents a significant loss of the evolutionary legacy of the historical ESU. The estimated total run size of Chinook salmon in Puget Sound in the early 1990s was 240,000 fish, representing a loss of nearly 450,000 fish from historic numbers. During a recent five-year period, the geometric mean of natural spawners in populations of Puget Sound Chinook salmon ranged from 222 to just over 9,489 fish. Most populations had natural spawners numbering in the hundreds (median recent natural escapement is 766). Of the six populations with greater than 1,000 natural spawners, only two have a low fraction of hatchery fish. Estimates of the historical equilibrium abundance, based on pre-European settlement habitat conditions, range from 1,700 to 51,000 potential Puget Sound Chinook salmon spawners per population. The historical estimates of spawner capacity are several orders of magnitude higher than spawner abundances currently observed throughout the ESU (Good, Waples et al. 2005). Long-term trends in abundance and median population growth rates for naturally spawning populations of Puget Sound Chinook salmon indicate that approximately half of the populations are declining and the other half are increasing in abundance over the length of available time series. Eight of 22 populations are declining over the short-term, compared to 11 or 12 populations that have long-term declines (Good, Waples et al. 2005). Widespread declines and extirpations of spring- and summer-run Puget Sound Chinook salmon populations represent a significant reduction in the life history diversity of this ESU (Meyers, Kope et al. 1998). The median overall populations of long-term trend in abundance is 1, indicating that most populations are just replacing themselves. 83
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Registered uses and applic
Page 51 and 52: mildews and other fungal diseases.
Page 53 and 54: methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
Page 55 and 56: would not likely adversely affect C
Page 57 and 58: In the final steps of our analyses,
Page 59 and 60: Evidence Available for the Consulta
Page 61 and 62: sustaining in the natural environme
Page 63 and 64: Stressors of the Action (see Figure
Page 65 and 66: Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
Page 67 and 68: habitats is then assessed. This por
Page 69 and 70: The problem formulation phase as ar
Page 71 and 72: Risk Characterization We follow the
Page 73 and 74: the probability of risk. In the Ris
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
Page 77 and 78: Opinion. Summaries of the status an
Page 79 and 80: Chinook salmon are dependent on the
Page 81 and 82: Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
Page 85 and 86: Table 7 identifies populations with
Page 87 and 88: The CV drainage as a whole is estim
Page 89 and 90: have greatly reduced or eliminated
Page 91 and 92: Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
Page 93 and 94: important life history type remains
Page 95 and 96: Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
Page 97 and 98: In the most recent five-year geomet
Page 99: Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
Page 103 and 104: flow, temperature, sediment load, w
Page 105 and 106: San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
Page 107 and 108: of historic spawning areas. Additio
Page 109 and 110: Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
Page 111 and 112: Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
Page 113 and 114: Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
Page 115 and 116: and five-year old fish, after two t
Page 117 and 118: surface and ground water and degrad
Page 119 and 120: Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
Page 121 and 122: Bay, California. Historically, chum
Page 123 and 124: quality in the freshwater, estuarin
Page 125 and 126: Life History Chum salmon return to
Page 127 and 128: catastrophic events. Overall, the p
Page 129 and 130: Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
Page 131 and 132: improvements in 2000, with upward t
Page 133 and 134: ground water and degrade water qual
Page 135 and 136: San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
Page 137 and 138: Information on the abundance and pr
Page 139 and 140: Table 16 identifies populations wit
Page 141 and 142: Life History Although run time vari
Page 143 and 144: programs. The three major river sys
Page 145 and 146: Data on population abundance and tr
Page 147 and 148: Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
Page 149 and 150: Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
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PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
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Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
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Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
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Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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