Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Cold, A. and V. E. Forbes (2004). "Consequences of a short pulse of pesticide exposure for survival and reproduction of Gammarus pulex." Aquatic Toxicology 67(3): 287-299. Colgrove, D. J. and J. W. Wood (1966). "Occurrence and control of Chondrococcus columnaris as related to Fraser River sockeye salmon." Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. Prog. Rep. No. 15. Collier, T. K., J. E. O'Neill, et al. (2006). "Toxic chemical contaminants and Puget Sound." NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, Seattle, Washington and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Marine Resources, Olympia, Washington. Collins, B. D. and A. J. Sheikh (2005). "Historical reconstruction, classification, and change analysis of Puget Sound tidal marshes." Final report to Washington Department of Natural Resources Aquatic Resources Division, Olympia, Washington. Available: http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu/project_reports/finalrpt_rev_aug12_2005.pdf (February 2008). Collis, K. (2007). "Research, monitoring, and evaluation of avian predation on salmonid smolts in the lower and mid-Columbia River - 2006 season summary." U.S. Geological survey report to Bonneville Power Administration and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Colville, A., P. Jones, et al. (2008). "Effects of chlorpyrifos on macroinvertebrate communities in coastal stream mesocosms." Ecotoxicology 17(3): 173-180. Conaway, C. H., S. Squire, et al. (2003). "Mercury speciation in the San Francisco Bay estuary." Marine Chemistry 80((2-3)): 199-225. Connor, W. P., J. G. Sneva, et al. (2005). "Two alternative juvenile life history types for fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134: 291-304. Coppage, D. L. and E. Matthews (1974). "Short-term effects of organophosphate pesticides on cholinesterases of estuarine fishes and pink shrimp." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11: 483-488. Corps, BPA, et al. (2007). Biological Assessment of the Effects of the Federal Columbia River Power System and Mainstem Effects of Other Tributary Actions on Anadromous Salmonid Species Listed under the Endangered Species Act. Courtemanch, D. L. and K. E. Gibbs (1980). "Short- and long-term effects of forest spraying of carbaryl (sevin-4-oil) on stream invertebrates." Canadian Entomology 112: 2741-276. Creekman, L. L. and E. F. Hurlburt (1987). "Control of burrowing shrimp on oyster beds in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor. 1985. Washington State Department of Fisheries. Special Shellfish Report No. 3. ." 27. Crepeau, K. L. and K. M. Kuivila (2000). "Rice pesticide concentrations in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River, California, 1990-1993." Journal of Environmental Quality 29(3): 926-935. Cuffney, T. F., J.B. Wallace and J.R. Webster (1984). "Pesticide manipulation of a headwater stream: invertebrate responses and their significance for ecosystem processes." Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 3(4): 153-171. Cuffney, T. F., M. R. Meador, et al. (1997). Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities in relation to physical and chemical conditions, Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1990. U. S. G. Survey: 1-94. 508
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (1993). "Catastrophic macroinvertebrate drift and sublethal effects on brown trout, Salmo trutta, caused by cypermethrin spraying on a Tasmanian stream." Aquatic Toxicology 27: 201-224. de Vlaming, V., C. DiGiorgio, et al. (2004). "Irrigation runoff insecticide pollution of rivers in the Imperial Valley, California (USA)." Environmental Pollution 132(2): 213-229. Demko, D. B. and S. P. Cramer (2000). "Effects of pulse flows on juvenile Chinook migration in the Stanislaus River." Report of S.P. Cramer & Associates, Inc. to South San Joaquin Irrigation District, Manteca, California and Oakdale Irrigation District, Oakdale, California. Detra, R. L. and W. J. Collins (1986). "Characterization of Cholinesterase Activity in Larval Chironomus-Riparius Meigen (=Thummi Kiefer)." Insect Biochemistry 16(4): 733-739. Detra, R. L. and W. J. Collins (1991). "The Relationship of Parathion Concentration, Exposure Time, Cholinesterase Inhibition and Symptoms of Toxicity in Midge Larvae (Chironomidae, Diptera)." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10(8): 1089-1095. Dimick, R. E. and F. Merryfield (1945). "The fishes of the Willamette River system in relation to pollution." Oregon State College Engineering Experiement Station. Bulletin Series No. 20. Dineen, G. S., S. C. Harrison, et al. (2007). "Growth, production and bioenergetics of brown trout in upland streams with contrasting riparian vegetation." Freshwater Biology 52: 771-783. Dodson, J. and C. Mayfield (1979). "Modification of the rheotropic response of rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri) by sublethal doses of the aquatic herbicides diquat and simizine." Environmental Pollution 18: 147-157. Domagalski, J. (2000). "Pesticides in Surface Water Measured at Select Sites in the Sacramento River Basin, California, 1996–1998." U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4203 National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Doty, D. C., D. A. Armstrong, et al. (1990). "Comparison of carbaryl pesticide impacts on dungeness crab (Cancer magister) versus benefits of habitat derived from oyster culture in Willapa Bay, Washington. Report to the Willapa Bay/Grays Harbor Oyster Growers Association. FRI-UW-9020. University of Washington, Seattle Washington." Douglas, W. S., A. McIntosh, et al. (1993). "Toxicity of sediments containing atrazine and carbofuran to larvae of the midge Chironomus tentans." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(5): 847-853. Dubrovsky, N. M., C. R. Kratzer, et al. (1998). "Water Quality in the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, 1992-1995." U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey circular 1159, Reston, Virginia. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1159/circ1159.pdf (February 2008). Dumbauld, B. R., K. M. Brooks, et al. (2001). "Response of an estuarine benthic community to application of the pesticide carbaryl and cultivation of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Willapa Bay, WA." Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(10): 826-844. DuPont (2009). Comments in Response to National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Draft Biological Opinion (BiOp) Relative to Listed Pacific Salmonids and Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl (Carbamates). Ebbert, J. and S. Embry (2002). "Pesticides in surface water of the Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1999-2000 - their occurrence and an assessment of factors affecting 509
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
Page 87 and 88:
The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218:
chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
Page 223 and 224:
characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
Page 227 and 228:
Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
Page 229 and 230:
Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
Page 251 and 252:
17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
Page 257 and 258:
nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268:
density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
Page 283 and 284:
Oregon is in the process of develop
Page 285 and 286:
Effects of the Proposed Action The
Page 287 and 288:
Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
Page 297 and 298:
Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
Page 315 and 316:
Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
Page 333 and 334:
Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
Page 337 and 338:
Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
Page 339 and 340:
at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
Page 347 and 348:
included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
Page 349 and 350:
730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
Page 351 and 352:
TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
Page 353 and 354:
the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
Page 363 and 364:
endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
Page 367 and 368:
single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370:
Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371 and 372:
Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
Page 373 and 374:
Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 375 and 376:
Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 377 and 378:
macroinvertebrate community did not
Page 379 and 380:
Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382:
Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
Page 385 and 386:
factor in the degree of toxicity of
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390:
Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392:
Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
Page 393 and 394:
Measured Concentrations in Willapa
Page 395 and 396:
up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
Page 399 and 400:
• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
Page 401 and 402:
the fish to determine the cause of
Page 403 and 404:
Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406:
Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
Page 407 and 408:
habitats during aerial applications
Page 409 and 410:
The second line of evidence is whet
Page 411 and 412:
D. Impair swimming which leads to r
Page 413 and 414:
F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
Page 415 and 416:
used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
Page 419 and 420:
Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
Page 421 and 422:
Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
Page 423 and 424:
Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
Page 425 and 426:
The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
Page 427 and 428:
The three insecticides are highly t
Page 429 and 430:
A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
Page 431 and 432:
elatively low survival EC50 values
Page 433 and 434:
dominated by agricultural or urban
Page 435 and 436:
Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
Page 437 and 438:
Table 80. Multiple application scen
Page 439 and 440:
Because olfaction plays an importan
Page 441 and 442:
expect co-occurrence of the three i
Page 443 and 444:
support one or more lifestages. For
Page 445 and 446:
We attempted to compare expected co
Page 447 and 448:
Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
Page 451 and 452:
Integration and Synthesis The Integ
Page 453 and 454:
carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460:
Given the life history of LCR Chino
Page 461 and 462:
Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
Page 463 and 464:
all three a.i.s are expected to be
Page 465 and 466:
completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470:
Land use data indicate that the Col
Page 471 and 472:
Central California Coast Coho Salmo
Page 473 and 474:
Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476: effects. In several streams, one or
Page 477 and 478: ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
Page 479 and 480: miles where agricultural crops are
Page 481 and 482: The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 483 and 484: carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 485 and 486: The major threats to this DPS ident
Page 487 and 488: lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
Page 489 and 490: consequences and subsequent populat
Page 491 and 492: and surface waters within the heavi
Page 493 and 494: 1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
Page 495 and 496: salmon, Northern California steelhe
Page 497 and 498: natural cover such as submerged and
Page 499 and 500: The precise change in the conservat
Page 501 and 502: coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504: Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
Page 505 and 506: Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
Page 507 and 508: The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510: Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
Page 511 and 512: items will die from these exposures
Page 513 and 514: action will attain this level in th
Page 515 and 516: proposed action. Therefore, inciden
Page 517 and 518: 1. Minimize the amount and extent o
Page 519 and 520: met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522: Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524: Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525: CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 529 and 530: FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532: Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534: IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536: government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538: Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540: NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542: PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544: Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546: Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548: Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550: Introduction To assess the potentia
Page 551 and 552: ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554: incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556: given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558: species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560: For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562: the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564: spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566: distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568: Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570: Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572: Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574: Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576: Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
Page 587 and 588:
Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
Page 603 and 604:
Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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