Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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concentraitons and loads." U.S. Geological Survey, Water Investigations Report 01-4211, Portland Oregon. Ebbert, J. C., S. S. Embrey, et al. (2000). "Water quality in the Puget Sound basin, Washington and British Columbia, 1996-98." U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1216, Reston, Virginia. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1216/pdf/circ1216.pdf (February 2008). Ehlke, R. D. and K. Keller (2003). "2002 Chum salmon spawnign ground surveys on the mainstem Columbia River and its Washington tributaries." Prepared for the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Vancouver, Washington by the Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon EPA (1998). Environmental Risk Assessment for Methomyl, Revised April 15, 1998. O. o. P. P. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Washington, DC. EPA (1998). "Guidelines for ecological risk assessment." EPA/630/R-95/002F published on May 14, 1998, Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924. EPA (1998). "Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) - Methomyl." 248. EPA (2003). "Carbaryl analysis of risk to endangered and threatened salmon and steelhead." 69. EPA (2003). Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Re-registration of Carbaryl, March 18, 2003. O. o. P. P. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Washington, DC. EPA (2003). "Methomyl analysis of risk to endangered and threatened salmon and steelhead." 247. EPA (2004). "Carbofuran analysis of risks to endangered and threatened salmon and steelhead." 69. EPA (2004). Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Endangered and Threatened Species Effects Determinations. O. o. P. Resources. EPA (2005). Reregistration Eligibility Science Chapter: Carbofuran Ecological Fate and Effects Chapter, June 3, 2005. O. o. P. P. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Washington, DC. EPA (2006). "Interim reregistration eligibility decision - Carbofuran." 38. EPA (2007). Environmental Protection Agency, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service Pesticide Coordination Meeting. December 10 - 12, 2007. National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, WV. EPA (2007). "Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for carbaryl." 43. EPA (2007). "Revised N-Methyl Carbamate Cumulative Risk Assessment. ." 277. EPA (2007). "Risks of carbaryl use to the federally-listed California red legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii)." 160. EPA (2007). "Risks of methomyl use to the federally listed California redLegged frog (Rana aurora draytonii)." 270. EPA (2008). "Amended reregistration eligibility decision for Carbaryl." 55. EPA (2008). Inert Ingredients Permitted for Use in Nonfood Use Pesticide Products: Last Updated January 7, 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substance: 93 p. Fairchild, W. L., E. O. Swansburg, et al. (1999). "Does an association between pesticide use and subsequent declines in catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represent a case of endocrine disruption?" Environmental Health Perspectives 107(5): 349-357. 510
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(2) Consultation Biological Opinion and Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Essential Fish Habitat Consultation Consultation on remand for operaiton of the Federal Columbia River Poser System, 11 Bureau of Reclamation Projects in the Columbia Basin and ESA Section 10(a)(1)(A) permit for juvenile fish transportaion program." Feldman, K. L., D. A. Armstrong, et al. (2000). "Oysters, crabs, and burrowing shrimp: review of an environmental conflict over aquatic resources and pesticide use in Washington State's (USA) Coastal Estuaries." Estuaries 23(2): 141-176. Ferguson, J. (2006). "Estimated survival of juvenile salmonids through the lower Columbia River and estuary, and mortality due to avian predation " NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington: 2 p. Flagg, T. A., F. W. Waknitz, et al. (1995). "The effect of hatcheries on native coho salmon populations in the lower Columbia River." Pages 366-375 in H. Schramm and R. Piper, editors. Uses and effects of cultured fishes in aquatic systems. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Foott, J. S., R. Harmon, et al. (2003). "Ceratomyxosis resistance in juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead trout from the Klamath River, 2002 Investigational Report." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California-Nevada Fish Health Center, Anderson, California. [768 Kb] at KRIS Web site. Forbes, V. E. and A. Cold (2005). "Effects of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate on life-cycle traits and population dynamics of Chironomus riparius - Importance of exposure scenario." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(1): 78-86. Ford, J. K. B. and G. M. Ellis (2006). "Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca in British Columbia." Marine Ecology Progress Series(316): 185-199. Foss, S. F., P. R. Ode, et al. (2007). "Non-indigenous aquatic organisms in the coastal waters if California. ." California Fish and Game 93(3): 111-129. Fresh, K. D. (1997). The role of competition and predation in the decline of Pacific salmon and steelhead. Pacific salmon and their ecosystems: status and future options D. J. Stouder, P. A. Bisson and R. J. Naiman. New York, Chapman and Hall: 245-275. Fresh, K. L., E. Casillas, et al. (2005). "Role of the estuary in the recovery of Columbia River basin salmon and steelhead and evaluation of the effects of selected factors on salmonid population viability." U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-69: 105. Friesen, T. A., J. S. Vile, et al. (2004). "Migratory behavior, timing, rearing, and habitat use of juvenile salmnids in the lower Willamette River." Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Columbia River Investigations, Clackamas,Oregon: 63-119. Friesen, T. A. and D. L. Ward (1999). "Management of the northern pikeminnow and implcations for juvenile salmonid survival in the lower Columbia and Snake rivers. ." North American Journal of Fisheries Management(19): 406-420. Fry, D. H., Jr., (1961). "King salmon spawning stocks of the California Central Valley, 1940- 1959." California Department of Fish and Game 47(1): 55-71. Fuhrer, G. J., J. L. Morace, et al. (2004). "Water quality in the Yakima Basin, Washington, 1999- 2000." U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1237, water research investigations report 03-4026, Portland, Oregon. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034026/pdf/wri034026.pdf (February 2008). 511
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406:
Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
Page 451 and 452:
Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460:
Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
Page 463 and 464:
all three a.i.s are expected to be
Page 465 and 466:
completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470:
Land use data indicate that the Col
Page 471 and 472:
Central California Coast Coho Salmo
Page 473 and 474:
Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476:
effects. In several streams, one or
Page 477 and 478: ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
Page 479 and 480: miles where agricultural crops are
Page 481 and 482: The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 483 and 484: carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 485 and 486: The major threats to this DPS ident
Page 487 and 488: lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
Page 489 and 490: consequences and subsequent populat
Page 491 and 492: and surface waters within the heavi
Page 493 and 494: 1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
Page 495 and 496: salmon, Northern California steelhe
Page 497 and 498: natural cover such as submerged and
Page 499 and 500: The precise change in the conservat
Page 501 and 502: coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504: Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
Page 505 and 506: Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
Page 507 and 508: The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510: Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
Page 511 and 512: items will die from these exposures
Page 513 and 514: action will attain this level in th
Page 515 and 516: proposed action. Therefore, inciden
Page 517 and 518: 1. Minimize the amount and extent o
Page 519 and 520: met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522: Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524: Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526: CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527: Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 531 and 532: Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534: IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536: government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538: Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540: NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542: PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544: Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546: Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548: Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550: Introduction To assess the potentia
Page 551 and 552: ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554: incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556: given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558: species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560: For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562: the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564: spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566: distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568: Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570: Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572: Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574: Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576: Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578: Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
Page 587 and 588:
Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
Page 603 and 604:
Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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