Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

channels, backwaters, terrace tributaries, off-channel dredge ponds, and braids (Anderson
1999; Swift III 1979).
Sockeye salmon survive only in aquatic ecosystems and depend on the quantity and
quality of those aquatic systems. Sockeye salmon, like the other salmon NMFS has
listed, have declined under the combined effects of overharvests in fisheries; competition
from fish raised in hatcheries and native and non-native exotic species; dams that block
their migrations and alter river hydrology; gravel mining that impedes their migration and
alters the hydrogeomorphology of the rivers and streams that support juveniles; water
diversions that deplete water levels in rivers and streams; destruction or degradation of
riparian habitat that increase water temperatures in rivers and streams sufficient to reduce
the survival of juvenile chum salmon; and land use practices (logging, agriculture,
urbanization) that destroy wetland and riparian ecosystems. These activities and features
introduce sediment, nutrients, biocides, metals, and other pollutants into surface and
ground water and degrade water quality in the freshwater, estuarine, and coastal
ecosystems throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Ozette Lake Sockeye Salmon
Distribution
This ESU includes all naturally spawned populations of sockeye salmon in Ozette Lake,
Ozette River, Coal Creek, and other tributaries flowing into Ozette Lake, Washington.
This ESU is composed of one historical population, with substantial substructuring of
individuals into multiple spawning aggregations (Figure 22). The primary spawning
aggregations occur in two beach locations – Allen’s and Olsen’s beaches, and in two
tributaries Umbrella Creek and Big River (both tributary-spawning groups were initiated
through a hatchery introduction program).
Sockeye salmon stock reared at the Makah Tribe’s Umbrella Creek Hatchery were
considered part of the ESU, but were not considered essential for recovery of the ESU.
NMFS determined that it is presently not necessary to consider the progeny of intentional
hatchery-wild or wild-wild crosses produced through the Makah Tribal hatchery program
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