Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Natural Mortality Factors........................................................................................... 187 Parasites and/or Disease.......................................................................................... 187 Predation ................................................................................................................. 188 Wildland Fire .......................................................................................................... 191 Oceanographic Features and Climatic Variability.................................................. 193 Climate Change....................................................................................................... 194 Anthropogenic Mortality Factors ............................................................................... 195 Baseline Pesticide Detections in Aquatic Environments ............................................ 195 Baseline Water Temperature- Clean Water Act ......................................................... 201 Baseline Habitat Condition......................................................................................... 204 Geographic Regions................................................................................................ 206 Southwest Coast Region.............................................................................................. 207 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 212 Habitat Modification............................................................................................... 218 Mining..................................................................................................................... 219 Hydromodification Projects.................................................................................... 220 Artificial Propagation.............................................................................................. 221 Commercial and Recreational Fishing.................................................................... 221 Alien Species .......................................................................................................... 222 Atmospheric deposition .......................................................................................... 222 Pesticide Reduction Programs ................................................................................ 222 Pacific Northwest Region ........................................................................................... 225 Columbia River Basin............................................................................................. 229 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 230 Agriculture and Ranching....................................................................................... 230 Urban and Industrial Development......................................................................... 235 Habitat Modification............................................................................................... 236 Habitat Restoration ................................................................................................. 238 Mining..................................................................................................................... 238 Hydromodification Projects.................................................................................... 239 Artificial Propagation.............................................................................................. 242 iv
Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fishing.............................................. 243 Alien Species .......................................................................................................... 245 Puget Sound Region.................................................................................................... 246 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 248 Habitat Modification............................................................................................... 253 Industrial Development........................................................................................... 254 Habitat Restoration ................................................................................................. 256 Mining..................................................................................................................... 256 Artificial Propagation.............................................................................................. 256 Hydromodification Projects.................................................................................... 257 Commercial and Recreational Fishing.................................................................... 258 Atmospheric deposition .......................................................................................... 259 Oregon-Washington-Northern California Coastal Drainages................................... 259 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 260 Habitat Modification................................................................................................... 260 Mining..................................................................................................................... 262 Hydromodification Projects.................................................................................... 262 Commercial and Recreational Fishing.................................................................... 263 Atmospheric deposition .......................................................................................... 263 Environmental Protection Programs....................................................................... 263 Integration of the Environmental Baseline on Listed Resources................................ 265 Effects of the Proposed Action ...................................................................................... 267 Exposure Analysis....................................................................................................... 267 Summary of Chemical Fate of A.I.s ....................................................................... 268 Habitats Occupied by Listed Salmonids................................................................. 274 Modeling: Estimates of Exposure to Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl ............ 276 Exposure estimates for non-crop pesticide applications......................................... 276 Exposure estimates for crop applications ............................................................... 278 Utility of EECs for consultation ............................................................................. 279 NMFS estimates of potential exposure in shallow water habitats used by salmonids ................................................................................................................................. 286 v
Page 1 and 2: Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
Page 3 and 4: National Marine Fisheries Service E
Page 5: Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
Page 9 and 10: Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
Page 11 and 12: Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
Page 13 and 14: Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
Page 15 and 16: Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
Page 17 and 18: Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 19 and 20: Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
Page 21 and 22: This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
Page 23 and 24: activities that may improve EPA’s
Page 25 and 26: affect but is not likely to adverse
Page 27 and 28: On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
Page 29 and 30: On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
Page 31 and 32: in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
Page 33 and 34: On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
Page 35 and 36: After registering a pesticide, EPA
Page 37 and 38: isk assessment. With these and othe
Page 39 and 40: Typically, formulations are combine
Page 41 and 42: EPA also issued generic and product
Page 43 and 44: pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
Page 45 and 46: Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
Page 47 and 48: are subject to a four year phase-ou
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Registered uses and applic
Page 51 and 52: mildews and other fungal diseases.
Page 53 and 54: methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
Page 55 and 56: would not likely adversely affect C
Page 57 and 58:
In the final steps of our analyses,
Page 59 and 60:
Evidence Available for the Consulta
Page 61 and 62:
sustaining in the natural environme
Page 63 and 64:
Stressors of the Action (see Figure
Page 65 and 66:
Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
Page 67 and 68:
habitats is then assessed. This por
Page 69 and 70:
The problem formulation phase as ar
Page 71 and 72:
Risk Characterization We follow the
Page 73 and 74:
the probability of risk. In the Ris
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
Page 77 and 78:
Opinion. Summaries of the status an
Page 79 and 80:
Chinook salmon are dependent on the
Page 81 and 82:
Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
Page 83 and 84:
Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
Page 85 and 86:
Table 7 identifies populations with
Page 87 and 88:
The CV drainage as a whole is estim
Page 89 and 90:
have greatly reduced or eliminated
Page 91 and 92:
Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
Page 93 and 94:
important life history type remains
Page 95 and 96:
Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
Page 97 and 98:
In the most recent five-year geomet
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
Page 101 and 102:
Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
Page 103 and 104:
flow, temperature, sediment load, w
Page 105 and 106:
San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
Page 107 and 108:
of historic spawning areas. Additio
Page 109 and 110:
Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
Page 111 and 112:
Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
Page 113 and 114:
Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
Page 115 and 116:
and five-year old fish, after two t
Page 117 and 118:
surface and ground water and degrad
Page 119 and 120:
Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
Page 121 and 122:
Bay, California. Historically, chum
Page 123 and 124:
quality in the freshwater, estuarin
Page 125 and 126:
Life History Chum salmon return to
Page 127 and 128:
catastrophic events. Overall, the p
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
Page 131 and 132:
improvements in 2000, with upward t
Page 133 and 134:
ground water and degrade water qual
Page 135 and 136:
San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
Page 137 and 138:
Information on the abundance and pr
Page 139 and 140:
Table 16 identifies populations wit
Page 141 and 142:
Life History Although run time vari
Page 143 and 144:
programs. The three major river sys
Page 145 and 146:
Data on population abundance and tr
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
Page 149 and 150:
Preliminary spawner survey data for
Page 151 and 152:
channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
Page 155 and 156:
the 1997 status review due to resam
Page 157 and 158:
Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
Page 159 and 160:
Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
Page 161 and 162:
esume migration in early spring to
Page 163 and 164:
Central California Coast Steelhead
Page 165 and 166:
Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
Page 167 and 168:
San Francisco Figure 25. California
Page 169 and 170:
and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
Page 171 and 172:
Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
Page 175 and 176:
species includes the only populatio
Page 177 and 178:
Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
Page 179 and 180:
Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
Page 185 and 186:
Of the 21 populations in the Puget
Page 187 and 188:
Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
Page 191 and 192:
San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
Page 197 and 198:
Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
Page 205 and 206:
Natural Mortality Factors Available
Page 207 and 208:
Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
Page 209 and 210:
downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
Page 211 and 212:
Oceanographic Features and Climatic
Page 213 and 214:
coincides with relatively poor ocea
Page 215 and 216:
from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218:
chemicals used has decreased (Table
Page 219 and 220:
California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
Page 221 and 222:
to disease, decrease the ability of
Page 223 and 224:
characterized by emergent aquatic p
Page 225 and 226:
subregions and accounting units for
Page 227 and 228:
Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
Page 229 and 230:
Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
Page 231 and 232:
Table 33. Land uses and population
Page 233 and 234:
(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
Page 235 and 236:
undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
Page 237 and 238:
and grazing. Dams and water diversi
Page 239 and 240:
Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
Page 241 and 242:
water resources is handled by Calif
Page 243 and 244:
containers at time of use. • Cond
Page 245 and 246:
Table 36. Area of land use categori
Page 247 and 248:
Columbia River Basin The most notab
Page 249 and 250:
Ranching practices have led to incr
Page 251 and 252:
17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
Page 253 and 254:
detected in samples from all sites,
Page 255 and 256:
Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
Page 257 and 258:
nation’s silver output has come f
Page 259 and 260:
(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
Page 261 and 262:
The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
Page 265 and 266:
including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268:
density residential with some agric
Page 269 and 270:
Although urban areas occupy only 2%
Page 271 and 272:
Habitat Modification Much of the re
Page 273 and 274:
Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
Page 275 and 276:
the 1950s. The vast majority of the
Page 277 and 278:
pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
Page 279 and 280:
Habitat loss through wetland fills
Page 281 and 282:
afted and moved to market or downst
Page 283 and 284:
Oregon is in the process of develop
Page 285 and 286:
Effects of the Proposed Action The
Page 287 and 288:
Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
Page 289 and 290:
high water solubility, low Kow, and
Page 291 and 292:
Table 46. Environmental fate charac
Page 293 and 294:
Species General Life History Descri
Page 295 and 296:
Table 48. Examples of registered us
Page 297 and 298:
Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
Page 299 and 300:
estimate do not represent the highe
Page 301 and 302:
BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
Page 303 and 304:
alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
Page 305 and 306:
Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
Page 307 and 308:
habitat had a downwind width of 10
Page 309 and 310:
Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
Page 311 and 312:
monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
Page 313 and 314:
5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
Page 315 and 316:
Summary information for carbaryl, c
Page 317 and 318:
after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
Page 319 and 320:
pesticide concentrations in the dis
Page 321 and 322:
flowing water habitats, it is not s
Page 323 and 324:
egistered products that contain mor
Page 325 and 326:
potential ingredients in tank mixtu
Page 327 and 328:
low maximum application rate. Howev
Page 329 and 330:
occupy shoreline habitats of only a
Page 331 and 332:
vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
Page 333 and 334:
Temperature and toxicity We found n
Page 335 and 336:
exposure concentrations. Moreover,
Page 337 and 338:
Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
Page 339 and 340:
at several times during an experime
Page 341 and 342:
Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
Page 343 and 344:
fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
Page 347 and 348:
included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
Page 349 and 350:
730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
Page 351 and 352:
TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
Page 353 and 354:
the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
Page 357 and 358:
consumed relative to unexposed fish
Page 359 and 360:
24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
Page 361 and 362:
We located studies that measured ol
Page 363 and 364:
endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
Page 367 and 368:
single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370:
Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371 and 372:
Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 375 and 376:
Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 377 and 378:
macroinvertebrate community did not
Page 379 and 380:
Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382:
Risk Characterization In this secti
Page 383 and 384:
survival appears to be the most sen
Page 385 and 386:
factor in the degree of toxicity of
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390:
Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392:
Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
Page 393 and 394:
Measured Concentrations in Willapa
Page 395 and 396:
up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
Page 397 and 398:
average initial concentration from
Page 399 and 400:
• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
Page 401 and 402:
the fish to determine the cause of
Page 403 and 404:
Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406:
Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
Page 407 and 408:
habitats during aerial applications
Page 409 and 410:
The second line of evidence is whet
Page 411 and 412:
D. Impair swimming which leads to r
Page 413 and 414:
F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
Page 415 and 416:
used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
Page 419 and 420:
Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
Page 421 and 422:
Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
Page 423 and 424:
Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
Page 425 and 426:
The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
Page 427 and 428:
The three insecticides are highly t
Page 429 and 430:
A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
Page 431 and 432:
elatively low survival EC50 values
Page 433 and 434:
dominated by agricultural or urban
Page 435 and 436:
Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
Page 437 and 438:
Table 80. Multiple application scen
Page 439 and 440:
Because olfaction plays an importan
Page 441 and 442:
expect co-occurrence of the three i
Page 443 and 444:
support one or more lifestages. For
Page 445 and 446:
We attempted to compare expected co
Page 447 and 448:
Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
Page 449 and 450:
entry into freshwater systems. Carb
Page 451 and 452:
Integration and Synthesis The Integ
Page 453 and 454:
carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460:
Given the life history of LCR Chino
Page 461 and 462:
Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
Page 463 and 464:
all three a.i.s are expected to be
Page 465 and 466:
completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470:
Land use data indicate that the Col
Page 471 and 472:
Central California Coast Coho Salmo
Page 473 and 474:
Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476:
effects. In several streams, one or
Page 477 and 478:
ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
Page 479 and 480:
miles where agricultural crops are
Page 481 and 482:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 483 and 484:
carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 485 and 486:
The major threats to this DPS ident
Page 487 and 488:
lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
Page 489 and 490:
consequences and subsequent populat
Page 491 and 492:
and surface waters within the heavi
Page 493 and 494:
1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
Page 495 and 496:
salmon, Northern California steelhe
Page 497 and 498:
natural cover such as submerged and
Page 499 and 500:
The precise change in the conservat
Page 501 and 502:
coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504:
Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
Page 505 and 506:
Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
Page 507 and 508:
The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510:
Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
Page 511 and 512:
items will die from these exposures
Page 513 and 514:
action will attain this level in th
Page 515 and 516:
proposed action. Therefore, inciden
Page 517 and 518:
1. Minimize the amount and extent o
Page 519 and 520:
met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522:
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524:
Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528:
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
Page 551 and 552:
ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554:
incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556:
given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558:
species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562:
the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564:
spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566:
distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570:
Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
Page 587 and 588:
Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
Page 603 and 604:
Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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