Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Table 30. Area of land use categories within the range Chinook and Coho Salmon ESUs in km². Land cover image data were taken from Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, a consortium of nine federal agencies (USGS, EPA, USFS, NOAA, NASA, BLM, NPS, NRCS, and USFWS) (National Land Cover Data 2001). Land cover class definitions are available at: http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.php Landcover Type code CA Coastal Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon Central Valley Sacramento River 210 Central CA Coast So. Oregon and No. CA Open Water 11 128 346 0 157 197 Perennial Snow/Ice 12 0 0 12 0 11 Developed, Open Space 21 826 1,150 16 629 1,384 Developed, Low Intensity Developed, Medium Intensity Developed, High Intensity 22 137 578 313 171 225 23 95 567 0 138 92 24 10 135 313 30 23 Barren Land 31 70 158 40 23 261 Deciduous Forest 41 850 664 7 208 1,057 Evergreen Forest 42 10,700 3,761 1 4,752 28,080 Mixed Forest 43 1,554 479 51 922 2,426 Shrub/Scrub 52 3,801 3,203 0 1,620 8,864 Herbaceous 71 2,114 6,317 12 1,646 2,708 Hay/Pasture 81 183 769 11 6 736 Cultivated Crops 82 212 5,110 0 233 454 Woody Wetlands 90 42 191 0 25 130 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands TOTAL (inc. open water) TOTAL (w/o open water) 95 18 553 18 13 50 20,740 23,982 792 10,572 46,697 20,612 23,636 792 10,415 46,499
Table 31. Area of Land Use Categories within the Range of Steelhead Trout DPSs (km²). Land cover image data were taken from Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, a consortium of nine federal agencies (USGS, EPA, USFS, NOAA, NASA, BLM, NPS, NRCS, and USFWS) (National Land Cover Data 2001). Land cover class definitions are available at: http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.php Landcover Type code Central CA Coast CA Central Valley 211 Steelhead Northern CA South- Central CA Coast Southern CA Open Water 11 1,406 409 106 127 86 Perennial Snow/Ice 12 0 0 0 0 0 Developed, Open Space Developed, Low Intensity Developed, Medium Intensity Developed, High Intensity 21 1,224 1,431 610 1,019 685 22 876 693 50 247 364 23 1,223 744 32 168 262 24 327 181 3 23 12 Barren Land 31 26 202 63 303 62 Deciduous Forest 41 179 751 763 1 0 Evergreen Forest 42 2,506 3,990 9,790 1,721 835 Mixed Forest 43 2,086 598 1,159 1,925 897 Shrub/Scrub 52 2,253 3,745 2,878 4,952 4,370 Herbacous 71 3,588 9,435 1,478 6,194 1,516 Hay/Pasture 81 36 1,671 179 203 141 Cultivated Crops 82 486 9,054 14 1,297 653 Woody Wetlands 90 36 248 32 93 35 Emergent Herbacous Wetlands TOTAL (inc. open water) TOTAL (w/o open water) 95 392 450 17 73 35 16,645 33,601 17,173 18,345 9,954 15,240 33,193 17,067 18,218 9,868 Select watersheds described herein characterize the past, present, and future human activities and their impacts on the area. The Southwest Coast region encompasses all Pacific Coast rivers south of Cape Blanco, Oregon through southern California. NMFS has identified the Cape Blanco area as an ESU/DPS biogeographic boundary for Chinook and coho salmon, and steelhead based on strong genetic, life history, ecological and habitat differences north and south of this landmark. Major rivers contained in this
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
Page 177 and 178: Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
Page 179 and 180: Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
Page 181 and 182: Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
Page 183 and 184: may affect steelhead migration patt
Page 185 and 186: Of the 21 populations in the Puget
Page 187 and 188: Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
Page 189 and 190: and spawner estimates for the Tucan
Page 191 and 192: San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
Page 193 and 194: Figure 32. Southern California stee
Page 195 and 196: extinction,” with the remaining 1
Page 197 and 198: Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
Page 199 and 200: “low” for the Wenatchee and Met
Page 201 and 202: Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
Page 203 and 204: Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
Page 205 and 206: Natural Mortality Factors Available
Page 207 and 208: Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
Page 209 and 210: downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
Page 211 and 212: Oceanographic Features and Climatic
Page 213 and 214: coincides with relatively poor ocea
Page 215 and 216: from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218: chemicals used has decreased (Table
Page 219 and 220: California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
Page 221 and 222: to disease, decrease the ability of
Page 223 and 224: characterized by emergent aquatic p
Page 225 and 226: subregions and accounting units for
Page 227: Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
Page 231 and 232: Table 33. Land uses and population
Page 233 and 234: (Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
Page 235 and 236: undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
Page 237 and 238: and grazing. Dams and water diversi
Page 239 and 240: Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
Page 241 and 242: water resources is handled by Calif
Page 243 and 244: containers at time of use. • Cond
Page 245 and 246: Table 36. Area of land use categori
Page 247 and 248: Columbia River Basin The most notab
Page 249 and 250: Ranching practices have led to incr
Page 251 and 252: 17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
Page 253 and 254: detected in samples from all sites,
Page 255 and 256: Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
Page 257 and 258: nation’s silver output has come f
Page 259 and 260: (USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
Page 261 and 262: The States of Oregon and Wasington
Page 263 and 264: Columbia River chum salmon are not
Page 265 and 266: including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268: density residential with some agric
Page 269 and 270: Although urban areas occupy only 2%
Page 271 and 272: Habitat Modification Much of the re
Page 273 and 274: Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
Page 275 and 276: the 1950s. The vast majority of the
Page 277 and 278: pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528:
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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