Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Table 35. Area of land use categories within Chinook Salmon ESUs in km². Land cover image data were taken from Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, a consortium of nine federal agencies (USGS, EPA, USFS, NOAA, NASA, BLM, NPS, NRCS, and USFWS) (NLCD 2001). Land cover class definitions are available at: http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.php Landcover Type code Lower Columbia River Upper Columbia River Spring Run Chinook Salmon Puget Sound 226 Snake River Fall Run Snake River Spring/ Summer Run Upper Willamette River Open Water 11 641 188 6,172 6,172 253 124 Perennial Snow/Ice 12 12 16 313 313 40 7 Developed, Open Space 21 649 203 1,601 1,601 328 632 Developed, Low Intensity Developed, 22 517 218 1,694 1,694 113 722 Medium Intensity 23 290 55 668 668 30 322 Developed, High Intensity 24 118 11 266 266 2 112 Barren Land 31 287 360 1,042 1,042 500 220 Deciduous Forest 41 551 21 999 999 10 248 Evergreen Forest 42 6,497 8,138 14,443 14,443 27,701 9,531 Mixed Forest 43 927 7 2,526 2,526 4 1,130 Shrub/Scrub 52 1,598 6,100 2,415 2,415 13,618 1,940 Herbaceous 71 520 1,737 957 957 11,053 801 Hay/Pasture 81 547 327 1,188 1,188 456 3,617 Cultivated Crops 82 278 636 258 258 3,860 2,355 Woody Wetlands Emergent 90 377 92 648 648 96 431 Herbaceous Wetlands 95 223 59 492 492 92 78 TOTAL (inc. open water) 14,031 18,168 35,683 35,683 58,157 22,269 TOTAL (w/o open water) 13,390 17,981 29,511 29,511 57,904 22,146
Table 36. Area of land use categories within chum and coho ESUs in km². Land cover image data were taken from Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, a consortium of nine federal agencies (USGS, EPA, USFS, NOAA, NASA, BLM, NPS, NRCS, and USFWS) (NLCD 2001). Land cover class definitions are available at: http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.php Landcover Type code Chum Salmon Coho Salmon Columbia River Hood Canal Summer Run Lower Columbia River 227 Oregon Coast Open Water 11 655 704 675 200 Perennial Snow/Ice 12 1 51 12 0 Developed, Open Space Developed, 21 605 134 708 1,107 Low Intensity Developed, 22 463 77 563 163 Medium Intensity Developed, 23 258 20 305 49 High Intensity 24 110 6 124 20 Barren Land 31 247 166 290 467 Deciduous Forest 41 548 97 575 418 Evergreen Forest 42 4,294 2,477 8,487 14,943 Mixed Forest 43 892 200 999 4,126 Shrub/Scrub 52 1,353 299 1,982 3,134 Herbaceous 71 526 133 600 1,478 Hay/Pasture 81 533 64 680 860 Cultivated Crops 82 213 2 348 64 Woody Wetlands Emergent 90 363 61 386 263 Herbaceous Wetlands 95 222 56 225 226 TOTAL (inc. open water) 11,284 4,548 16,959 27,520 TOTAL (w/o open water) 10,628 3,843 16,284 27,320
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
Page 193 and 194: Figure 32. Southern California stee
Page 195 and 196: extinction,” with the remaining 1
Page 197 and 198: Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
Page 199 and 200: “low” for the Wenatchee and Met
Page 201 and 202: Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
Page 203 and 204: Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
Page 205 and 206: Natural Mortality Factors Available
Page 207 and 208: Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
Page 209 and 210: downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
Page 211 and 212: Oceanographic Features and Climatic
Page 213 and 214: coincides with relatively poor ocea
Page 215 and 216: from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218: chemicals used has decreased (Table
Page 219 and 220: California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
Page 221 and 222: to disease, decrease the ability of
Page 223 and 224: characterized by emergent aquatic p
Page 225 and 226: subregions and accounting units for
Page 227 and 228: Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
Page 229 and 230: Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
Page 231 and 232: Table 33. Land uses and population
Page 233 and 234: (Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
Page 235 and 236: undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
Page 237 and 238: and grazing. Dams and water diversi
Page 239 and 240: Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
Page 241 and 242: water resources is handled by Calif
Page 243: containers at time of use. • Cond
Page 247 and 248: Columbia River Basin The most notab
Page 249 and 250: Ranching practices have led to incr
Page 251 and 252: 17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
Page 253 and 254: detected in samples from all sites,
Page 255 and 256: Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
Page 257 and 258: nation’s silver output has come f
Page 259 and 260: (USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
Page 261 and 262: The States of Oregon and Wasington
Page 263 and 264: Columbia River chum salmon are not
Page 265 and 266: including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268: density residential with some agric
Page 269 and 270: Although urban areas occupy only 2%
Page 271 and 272: Habitat Modification Much of the re
Page 273 and 274: Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
Page 275 and 276: the 1950s. The vast majority of the
Page 277 and 278: pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
Page 279 and 280: Habitat loss through wetland fills
Page 281 and 282: afted and moved to market or downst
Page 283 and 284: Oregon is in the process of develop
Page 285 and 286: Effects of the Proposed Action The
Page 287 and 288: Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
Page 289 and 290: high water solubility, low Kow, and
Page 291 and 292: Table 46. Environmental fate charac
Page 293 and 294: Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460:
Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470:
Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476:
effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 485 and 486:
The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504:
Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510:
Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522:
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524:
Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528:
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
Page 551 and 552:
ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554:
incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556:
given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558:
species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562:
the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564:
spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566:
distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570:
Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
Page 587 and 588:
Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
Page 603 and 604:
Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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