Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Table 37. Area of land use categories within sockeye ESUs and steelhead DPSs in km². Land cover image data were taken from Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium, a consortium of nine federal agencies (USGS, EPA, USFS, NOAA, NASA, BLM, NPS, NRCS, and USFWS) (NLCD 2001). Land cover class definitions are available at: http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.php Landcover Type code Ozette Lake Sockeye Salmon Snake River Lower Columbia River 228 Middle Columbia River Puget Sound Steelhead Snake River Upper Columbia River Upper Willamette River Open Water 11 30 19 250 575 6,172 285 359 62 Perennial Snow/Ice 12 0 18 12 13 313 42 16 0 Developed, Open Space Developed, 21 1 3 518 1,276 1,601 515 343 382 Low Intensity Developed, 22 0 2 506 627 1,694 144 294 513 Medium Intensity Developed, 23 0 0 287 192 668 40 80 231 High Intensity 24 0 0 116 25 266 3 13 75 Barren Land 31 2 9 174 183 1,042 504 361 77 Deciduous Forest 41 3 0 382 54 999 35 25 171 Evergreen Forest 42 158 755 7,023 18,347 14,443 39,556 8,223 4,133 Mixed Forest 43 3 0 611 41 2,526 17 7 791 Shrub/Scrub 52 14 185 1,589 32,089 2,415 15,644 9,351 994 Herbaceous 71 8 269 398 2,752 957 12,361 1,823 519 Hay/Pasture 81 0 12 605 863 1,188 463 448 2,529 Cultivated Crops 82 0 1 322 11,908 258 6,227 3,236 1,844 Woody Wetlands Emergent 90 8 16 244 217 648 116 109 292 Herbaceous Wetlands 95 1 34 93 291 492 111 81 43 TOTAL (inc. open water) 228 1,323 13,128 69,453 35,683 76,061 24,771 12,655 TOTAL (w/o open water) 199 1,304 12,878 68,878 29,511 75,777 24,411 12,593
Columbia River Basin The most notable basin within the region is the Columbia River. The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest and the fourth largest river in terms of average discharge in the U.S. The Columbia River drains over 258,000 square miles, and is the sixth largest in terms of drainage area. Major tributaries include the Snake, Willamette, Salmon, Flathead, and Yakima rivers. Smaller rivers include the Owyhee, Grande Ronde, Clearwater, Spokane, Methow, Cowlitz, and the John Day Rivers (see Table 38 for a description of select Columbia River tributaries). The Snake River is the largest tributary at more than 1,000 miles long. The headwaters of the Snake River originate in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The second largest tributary is the Willamette River in Oregon (Kammerer 1990; Hinck, Schmitt et al. 2004). The Willamette River is also the 19 th largest river in the nation in terms of average annual discharge (Kammerer 1990). The basins drain portions of the Rocky Mountains, Bitteroot Range, and the Cascade Range. Table 38. Select tributaries of the Columbia River (Carter and Resh 2005) Watershed Snake/Salmon rivers Approx Length (mi) Basin Size (mi 2 ) 870 108,495 Physiographic Provinces* CU, NR, MR, B/R 229 Mean Annual Precipitation (in) Mean Discharge (cfs) No. Fish Species (native) 14 55,267 39 (19) No. Endangered Species 5 fish (4 T, 1 E), 6 (1 T, 5 E) snails, 1 plant (T) Yakima River 214 6,139 CS, CU 7 3,602 50 2 fish (T) Willamette River 143 11,478 CS, PB 60 32,384 61 (~31) 5 fish (4 T, 1 E), * Physiographic Provinces: CU = Columbia-Snake River Plateaus, NR = Northern Rocky Mountains, MR = Middle Rocky Mountains, B/R = Basin & Range, CS = Cascade-Sierra Mountains, PB = Pacific Border The Columbia river and estuary were once home to more than 200 distinct runs of Pacific salmon and steelhead with unique adaptations to local environments within a tributary (Stanford, Hauer et al. 2005). Salmonids within the basin include Chinook salmon, chum salmon, coho salmon, sockeye salmon, steelhead, redband trout, bull trout, and cutthroat trout.
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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Page 197 and 198: Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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Page 201 and 202: Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
Page 203 and 204: Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
Page 205 and 206: Natural Mortality Factors Available
Page 207 and 208: Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
Page 209 and 210: downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
Page 211 and 212: Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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Page 215 and 216: from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218: chemicals used has decreased (Table
Page 219 and 220: California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
Page 221 and 222: to disease, decrease the ability of
Page 223 and 224: characterized by emergent aquatic p
Page 225 and 226: subregions and accounting units for
Page 227 and 228: Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
Page 229 and 230: Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
Page 231 and 232: Table 33. Land uses and population
Page 233 and 234: (Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
Page 235 and 236: undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
Page 237 and 238: and grazing. Dams and water diversi
Page 239 and 240: Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
Page 241 and 242: water resources is handled by Calif
Page 243 and 244: containers at time of use. • Cond
Page 245: Table 36. Area of land use categori
Page 249 and 250: Ranching practices have led to incr
Page 251 and 252: 17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
Page 253 and 254: detected in samples from all sites,
Page 255 and 256: Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
Page 257 and 258: nation’s silver output has come f
Page 259 and 260: (USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
Page 261 and 262: The States of Oregon and Wasington
Page 263 and 264: Columbia River chum salmon are not
Page 265 and 266: including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268: density residential with some agric
Page 269 and 270: Although urban areas occupy only 2%
Page 271 and 272: Habitat Modification Much of the re
Page 273 and 274: Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
Page 275 and 276: the 1950s. The vast majority of the
Page 277 and 278: pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
Page 279 and 280: Habitat loss through wetland fills
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Page 283 and 284: Oregon is in the process of develop
Page 285 and 286: Effects of the Proposed Action The
Page 287 and 288: Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
Page 289 and 290: high water solubility, low Kow, and
Page 291 and 292: Table 46. Environmental fate charac
Page 293 and 294: Species General Life History Descri
Page 295 and 296: Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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