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Life History
LCR Chinook salmon display three life history types including early fall runs, late fall
runs, and spring-runs. Spring and fall runs have been designated as part of a LCR
Chinook salmon ESU. The predominant life history type for this species is the fall-run.
Fall Chinook salmon enter freshwater typically in August through October to spawn in
large river mainstems. The juvenile life history stage emigrates from freshwater as subyearling
(ocean-type). Spring Chinook salmon enter freshwater in March through June to
spawn in upstream tributaries and generally emigrate from freshwater as yearlings
(stream-type).
Status and Trends
LCR Chinook salmon were originally listed as threatened on March 24, 1999 (64 FR
14308). This status was reaffirmed on June 28, 2005 (70 FR 37160). Historical records
of Chinook salmon abundance are sparse. However, cannery records suggest a peak run
of 4.6 million fish [43 million lbs see (Lichatowich 1999)] in 1883. Although fall-run
Chinook salmon occur throughout much of their historical range, they remain vulnerable
to large-scale hatchery production, relatively high harvest, and extensive habitat
degradation. The Lewis River late fall Chinook salmon population is the healthiest and
has a reasonable probability of being self-sustaining. Abundances largely declined
during 1998 to 2000. Trend indicators for most populations are negative, especially if
hatchery fish are assumed to have a reproductive success equivalent to that of naturalorigin
fish.
New data acquired for the Good et al. (2005) report includes spawner abundance
estimates through 2001, new estimates of the fraction of hatchery spawners, and harvest
estimates. In addition, estimates of historical abundance have been provided by the
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). The Willamette/Lower
Columbia River Technical Review Team (W/LCRTRT) has estimated that 8-10 historic
populations have been extirpated, most of them spring-run populations. Almost all of the
spring-run Chinook of LCR Chinook are at very high risk of extinction. Near loss of that
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