Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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productivity, and spatial structure VSP parameters and comparatively moderate risk with respect to the diversity VSP parameter. The lack of direct estimates of the performance of the naturally spawned populations in this ESU, and the associated uncertainty this generates, was of specific concern to the BRT, as the naturally spawned component of the CCC coho salmon ESU was “in danger of extinction”. Critical Habitat Critical habitat for the CCC coho salmon ESU was designated on May 5, 1999 (64 FR 24049). Designated critical habitat encompasses accessible reaches of all rivers (including estuarine areas and tributaries) between Punta Gorda and the San Lorenzo River (inclusive) in California. Critical habitat for this species also includes two streams entering San Francisco Bay: Arroyo Corte Madera Del Presidio and Corte Madera Creek. Lower Columbia River Coho Salmon Distribution LCR coho salmon include all naturally spawned populations of coho salmon in the Columbia River and its tributaries in Oregon and Washington, from the mouth of the Columbia up to and including the Big White Salmon and Hood Rivers, and includes the Willamette River to Willamette Falls, Oregon (Figure 19). This ESU also includes 25 artificial propagation programs: the Grays River, Sea Resources Hatchery, Peterson Coho Project, Big Creek Hatchery, Astoria High School Coho Program, Warrenton High School Coho Program, Elochoman Type-S Coho Program, Elochoman Type-N Coho Program, Cathlamet High School FFA Type-N Coho Program, Cowlitz Type-N Coho Program in the Upper and Lower Cowlitz Rivers, Cowlitz Game and Anglers Coho Program, Friends of the Cowlitz Coho Program, North Fork Toutle River Hatchery, Kalama River Type-N Coho Program, Kalama River Type-S Coho Program, Washougal Hatchery Type-N Coho Program, Lewis River Type-N Coho Program, Lewis River Type-S Coho Program, Fish First Wild Coho Program, Fish First Type-N Coho Program, Syverson Project Type-N Coho Program, Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery, Sandy Hatchery, and the Bonneville/Cascade/Oxbow complex coho hatchery programs. 120
Table 16 identifies populations within the LCR Coho salmon ESU, their abundances, and hatchery input. Table 16. LCR Coho salmon populations, abundances, and hatchery contributions (Good, Waples et al. 2005). River/Region Historical Abundance 2002 Spawner Abundance Hatchery Abundance Contributions Youngs Bay and Big Creek Unknown 4,473 91% Grays River Unknown Unknown Unknown Elochoman River Unknown Unknown Unknown Clatskanie River Unknown 229 60% Mill, Germany, and Abernathy creeks Unknown Unknown Unknown Scappoose Rivers Unknown 458 0% Cispus River Unknown Unknown Unknown Tilton River Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Cowlitz River Unknown Unknown Unknown Lower Cowlitz River Unknown Unknown Unknown North Fork Toutle River Unknown Unknown Unknown South Fork Toutle River Unknown Unknown Unknown Coweeman River Unknown Unknown Unknown Kalama River Unknown Unknown Unknown North Fork Lewis River Unknown Unknown Unknown East Fork Lewis River Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Clackamas River Unknown 1,001 12% Lower Clackamas River Unknown 2,402 78% Salmon Creek Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Sandy River Unknown 310 0% Lower Sandy River Unknown 271 97% Washougal River Unknown Unknown Unknown LCR gorge tributaries Unknown Unknown Unknown White Salmon Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Columbia River gorge tributaries Unknown 1,317 >65% Hood River Unknown Unknown Unknown Total Unknown 10,461 (min) 121
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
Page 87 and 88: The CV drainage as a whole is estim
Page 89 and 90: have greatly reduced or eliminated
Page 91 and 92: Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
Page 93 and 94: important life history type remains
Page 95 and 96: Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
Page 97 and 98: In the most recent five-year geomet
Page 99 and 100: Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
Page 101 and 102: Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
Page 103 and 104: flow, temperature, sediment load, w
Page 105 and 106: San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
Page 107 and 108: of historic spawning areas. Additio
Page 109 and 110: Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
Page 111 and 112: Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
Page 113 and 114: Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
Page 115 and 116: and five-year old fish, after two t
Page 117 and 118: surface and ground water and degrad
Page 119 and 120: Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
Page 121 and 122: Bay, California. Historically, chum
Page 123 and 124: quality in the freshwater, estuarin
Page 125 and 126: Life History Chum salmon return to
Page 127 and 128: catastrophic events. Overall, the p
Page 129 and 130: Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
Page 131 and 132: improvements in 2000, with upward t
Page 133 and 134: ground water and degrade water qual
Page 135 and 136: San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
Page 137: Information on the abundance and pr
Page 141 and 142: Life History Although run time vari
Page 143 and 144: programs. The three major river sys
Page 145 and 146: Data on population abundance and tr
Page 147 and 148: Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
Page 149 and 150: Preliminary spawner survey data for
Page 151 and 152: channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
Page 153 and 154: Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
Page 155 and 156: the 1997 status review due to resam
Page 157 and 158: Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
Page 159 and 160: Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
Page 161 and 162: esume migration in early spring to
Page 163 and 164: Central California Coast Steelhead
Page 165 and 166: Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
Page 167 and 168: San Francisco Figure 25. California
Page 169 and 170: and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
Page 171 and 172: Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
Page 173 and 174: hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
Page 175 and 176: species includes the only populatio
Page 177 and 178: Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
Page 179 and 180: Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
Page 181 and 182: Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
Page 183 and 184: may affect steelhead migration patt
Page 185 and 186: Of the 21 populations in the Puget
Page 187 and 188: Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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