Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment measures Cerodaphnia dubia (daphnids) Survival (24 and 48 h LC50s); survival from mixture of carbofuran and methylpararthion (48 h LC50); carbofuran Mean young per female and percent survival from 7 day chronic assays carbofuran carbofuran Chironomus tentans (midge) Survival in spiked- sediments, mixed with atrazine, and field-collected runoff Chorophium volutator (estuarine amphipod) Survival and avoidance behavior in contaminated spiked sediments Concentrations tested Irrigation field-collected water samples (toxicity identification evaluations employed) Mixture toxicity (1:1, 3:1, 1:3 ratios tested) 0.16, 0.33, 0.65, 1.3, 2.6 μg/L Spiked sediment concentrations: 25, 45, 83, 150 μg/kg; Mixture concentrations: 25, 45, 80 μg/kg carbofuran + 5, 10, 20 mg/kg atrazine; Field collected sediments in runoff: collected sediments in runoff: 186 μg/kg sedimentassociated 73 μg/L pore water 2.5, 25, 250 ng/g (dry weight sediment) 356 Exposure duration 24, 48 hours 7 days Effects Carbofuran and methylparathion putative agents of toxicity in field-collected samples from CA rice drain. Carbofuran acute toxicity: 24 h LC50 3.4 μg/L (95% CI 2.8- 4.3; 48 h LC50 2.6 μg/L (95% CI NA); chronic study- NOEC 1.3 μg/L; LOEC at 2.6 μg/L Strict additive toxicity of combinations tested of carbofuran and methylparathion. 10 days Spiked sediment results: Nominal [carbofuran] LC50 47.9 μg/kg (95% CI 43.9-52.1); Sediment bound LC50 20.9 μg/kg (95% CI 18.4-33.2); Interstitial water LC50 11.8 μg/L (95% CI 10.9-17.1) Mixture results: Additive toxicity present with atrazine + carbofuran, no synergistic or antagonistic toxicity responses. Atrazine affected survival in the low mg/kg range. Field collected sediments in runoff: No chironomids survived exposure, note control survival 48 and 96 h exposures was low (57%) 48 h LC 50 = 73 ng/g (95% CI 0-128); 48 h LC20 = 41 (95% CI 2-82) ng/g; no effect on avoidance behavior of sediment Data source (Norberg- King, Durhan et al. 1991) (Douglas, McIntosh et al. 1993) (Hellou, Leonard et al. 2009)
Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran carbofuran carbofuran Daphnia magna (daphnid) Hydra attenuate (fw jellyfish) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (fw shrimp) Aquatic macroinvertebrate community Ceriodaphnia dubia (daphnid) Neomysis mercedi( mysid) Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) Wetland invertebrate aquatic community: Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius Assessment measures Survival (acute LC50); macroinvertebrate community structure Survival (% mortality) Survival (EC50) Primary productivity Concentrations tested Average concentrations detected 5 d post application 0.7 and 0.16 μg/L maximum carbofuran detection 2.1 μg/L Not reported; conducted toxicity identification evaluations (TIE) 10, 100, 1,000 μg/L water only 48 h test; 10, 100, 1,000 μg/L mixed with soil and added to microcosms 357 Exposure duration 24 , 48, 72, 96 h exposures to field collected water samples 96 h exposures to field collected water samples 48- hr; 30 day microcosm test Effects No acute toxicity reported to tested species. Significant reduction of % EPT taxa and increase in community loss indices at treated sites. Mayflies were primary affected species from carbofuran applications 3/47 irrigation samples had 100% toxicity to C. dubia attributed to carbofuran D. magna EC50 = 48 μg/L C. riparius EC50 = 56 μg/L Populations of D. magna were viable at day 1 in 10 and 100 μg/L, it took 4 d for a viable population (i.e., 5 or more live daphnids) to establish at 1000 μg/L . No dead daphnids or chironomids observed at 14 d and 30 d. No effects to microbial community enzyme activity were found. Data source (Castillo, Martinez et al. 2006) (de Vlaming, DiGiorgio et al. 2004) (Johnson 1986)
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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Page 333 and 334: Temperature and toxicity We found n
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Page 337 and 338: Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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Page 341 and 342: Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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Page 347 and 348: included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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Page 353 and 354: the uncertainties related to experi
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Page 357 and 358: consumed relative to unexposed fish
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Page 361 and 362: We located studies that measured ol
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Page 367 and 368: single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370: Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371 and 372: Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
Page 373: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Page 379 and 380: Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382: Risk Characterization In this secti
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390: Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392: Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Page 395 and 396: up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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Page 399 and 400: • Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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Page 403 and 404: Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406: Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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Page 409 and 410: The second line of evidence is whet
Page 411 and 412: D. Impair swimming which leads to r
Page 413 and 414: F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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Page 417 and 418: In a second modeling exercise, we t
Page 419 and 420: Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
Page 421 and 422: Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
Page 423 and 424: Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
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PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
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Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
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Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
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Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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