Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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egarding acute toxicity of 1-napthol to aquatic invertebrates was provided in the Science Chapter (EPA 2003). Overall, results presented show that carbaryl and formulations of carbaryl are acutely toxic to a wide array of aquatic invertebrates in the low μg/L range, frequently with EC50s/LC50s of less than 10 μg/L. The degradate, 1-napthol, appears less toxic with respect to comparable invertebrates; acute survival EC50s ranged from 200-730 μg/L. However, no data for the genera more sensitive to the parent carbaryl, such as the stoneflies, caddisflies, or mayflies, are available. Thus the lower end of the toxicity range is not well established. The carbaryl BE (EPA 2003) lists a NOAEC of 1.5 μg/L and a LOAEC of 3.3 μg/L for D. magna based on reproduction and a NOAEC of 500 μg/L and a LOAEC of 1,000 μg/L for the midge fly (Chironomous riparius) based on emergence/developmental rate. Specific percentages of inhibition are not noted. The Science Chapter (EPA 2003) does not add any additional detail, but does note: “midge larvae are benthic macroinvertebrates and exposure may have been better characterized had it been based on sediment pore water concentrations as opposed to carbaryl concentrations in overlying water” as a potential explanation for the difference in sensitivity between D. magna and C. riparius. No data regarding reproductive endpoints were presented for 1-napthol. The carbofuran BE (EPA 2004) included acute EC50s for the D. magna (29-38.6 μg/L) and pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum, 4.6-7.3 μg/L). All tests appear to have been conducted with the a.i. EC50s of 2.2-2.6 μg/L were reported in the Science Chapter (EPA 2005) for the freshwater water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia. The Science Chapter also provided toxicity values for the freshwater red crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, LC50 2,700 μg/L) and the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica, EC50s of >1,000->5,000 μg/L). Probit slopes were included in Appendix H of Appendix 1 (EPA 2005) for studies where they were reported or data were available to calculate them. Probit slopes were not available for D. magna or C. dubia, but were available for the red crayfish (slope 2.91) and the pink shrimp (slope 2.25). Data provided from chronic toxicity tests 328
included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a LOAEC of 27 μg/L for the freshwater aquatic invertebrate D. magna, and NOAEC of 0.4 μg/L and a LOAEC of 0.98 μg/L for the estuarine invertebrate M. bahia. In both cases, the most sensitive endpoints appeared to be survival of the adults and/or growth rather than decreased production of offspring. The BE (EPA 2004) and Science Chapter (EPA 2005) reference several field studies from the open literature that examined effects on aquatic invertebrates following application of carbofuran either to fields or directly to water. One study (Matthiessen, Shearan et al. 1995) noted complete mortality of caged amphipods (Gammarus pulex) in a stream draining a field treated with granular carbofuran at 2.7 lbs a.i./acre. EPA documents reported a pond enclosure study (Wayland 1991) noting decreases in amphipod (Hyallela azteca) abundance and biomass and Chironominae larvae biomass at concentrations of 25 μg/L in a pond enclosure study. EPA also reported several studies in which carbofuran applied directly to water caused mortality in aquatic invertebrates at concentrations ranging from 5-25 μg/L (Flickinger et al. 1986, Mullie et al. 1991, Wayland and Boag 1990). The methomyl BE (EPA 2003) reported acute survival EC50s for the freshwater invertebrates water flea (D. magna), amphipod (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus), midge (Chironomous plumosus) and three genera of stoneflies (Skwala sp., Pteronarcella badia, and Isogenus sp.). Most values appeared to be derived from 48-or 96 h standard laboratory tests. Many of the tests were with a.i. (95-99% a.i.), but others were conducted with a 24% formulation (EPA 2003). The product name was not specified. Information in the BE is noted as having come from the EFED Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database, not the RED Science Chapter. There are some inconsistencies between these two documents regarding which EC50 is associated with the formulation versus the technical a.i. Based on information in the BE, which lists data for a formulation test on all species, the 24% formulation appears to be more toxic than the technical. EC50s for the technical range from 8.8-31.8 μg/L for D. magna, and are reported as 920 μg/L for G. psuedolimnaeus, 88 μg/L for C .plumosus, 34 μg/L for Skwala sp, 69 μg/L for P. badia, and 343 for Isogenus sp. EC50s for the 24% formulation are reported as 7.6 μg/L for D. magna, 720 μg/L for G. psuedolimnaeus, 32 μg/L for C. plumosus 29 μg/L for Skwala sp, 60 μg/L for P. badia, and 29 for Isogenus sp. 329
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
Page 295 and 296: Table 48. Examples of registered us
Page 297 and 298: Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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Page 301 and 302: BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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Page 305 and 306: Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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Page 309 and 310: Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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Page 313 and 314: 5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
Page 315 and 316: Summary information for carbaryl, c
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Page 319 and 320: pesticide concentrations in the dis
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Page 327 and 328: low maximum application rate. Howev
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Page 331 and 332: vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
Page 333 and 334: Temperature and toxicity We found n
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Page 337 and 338: Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
Page 339 and 340: at several times during an experime
Page 341 and 342: Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
Page 343 and 344: fish, number of eggs per mature fem
Page 345: varigatus), an estuarine species, b
Page 349 and 350: 730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
Page 351 and 352: TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
Page 353 and 354: the uncertainties related to experi
Page 355 and 356: capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
Page 357 and 358: consumed relative to unexposed fish
Page 359 and 360: 24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
Page 361 and 362: We located studies that measured ol
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Page 365 and 366: items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
Page 367 and 368: single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370: Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371 and 372: Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
Page 373 and 374: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 375 and 376: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 377 and 378: macroinvertebrate community did not
Page 379 and 380: Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382: Risk Characterization In this secti
Page 383 and 384: survival appears to be the most sen
Page 385 and 386: factor in the degree of toxicity of
Page 387 and 388: Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390: Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392: Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
Page 393 and 394: Measured Concentrations in Willapa
Page 395 and 396: up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522:
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524:
Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528:
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556:
given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558:
species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562:
the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564:
spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570:
Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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