Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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contributed to an increase in silt deposition, which impairs the quality and quantity of spawning habitat. Very little is known about the relative health of the Ozette Lake tributaries and their impact on the sockeye salmon population. Mining Oregon is ranked 35 th nationally in total nonfuel mineral production value in 2004. In that same year, Washington was ranked 13 th nationally in total nonfuel mineral production value and 17 th in coal production (Palmisano, Ellis et al. 1993; NMA 2007). Metal mining for all metals (e.g., zinc, copper, lead, silver, and gold) peaked in Washington between 1940 and 1970 (Palmisano, Ellis et al. 1993). Today, construction sand, gravel, Portland cement, and crushed stone are the predominant materials mined in both Oregon and Washington. Where sand and gravel is mined from riverbeds (gravel bars and floodplains) changes in channel elevations and patterns, instream sediment loads, may result and alter instream habitat. In some cases, instream or floodplain mining has resulted in large scale river avulsions. The effect of mining in a stream or reach depends upon the rate of harvest and the natural rate of replenishment. Additionally, the severity of the effects is influenced by flood and precipitation conditions during or after the mining operations. Hydromodification Projects Compared to other areas in the greater Northwest Region, the coastal region has fewer dams and several rivers remain free flowing (e.g., Clearwater River). The Umpqua River is fragmented by 64 dams, the fewest number of dams on any large river basin in Oregon (Carter and Resh 2005). According to Palmisano et al. (1993) dams in the coastal streams of Washington permanently block only about 30 miles of salmon habitat. In the past, temporary splash dams were constructed throughout the region to transport logs out of mountainous reaches. The general practice involved building a temporary dam in the creek adjacent to the area being logged, and filling the pond with logs. When the dam broke the floodwater would carry the logs to downstream reaches where they could be 262
afted and moved to market or downstream mills. Thousands of splash dams were constructed across the Northwest in the late 1800s and early 1900s. While the dams typically only temporarily blocked salmon habitat, in some cases dams remained long enough to wipe out entire salmon runs. The effects of the channel scouring and loss of channel complexity resulted in the long-term loss of salmon habitat (NRC 1996). Commercial and Recreational Fishing Most commercial landings in the region are groundfish, Dungeness crab, shrimp, and salmon. Many of the same species are sought by Tribal fisheries, as well as by charter, and recreational anglers. Nets and trolling are used in commercial and Tribal fisheries. Recreational anglers typically use hook and line and may fish from boat, river bank, or docks. Atmospheric deposition Pesticides and other chemicals may be transported through the air and later deposited on land and into waterways. For example, orthophosphate insecticides were detected in two Oregon streams, Hood River and Mill Creek (tributaries of the Columbia River). Detection occurred following periods of chemical applications on orchard crops, and may be related to atmospheric drift, mixing operations, or other aspects of pesticide use. Environmental Protection Programs When using carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl, growers must adhere to the courtordered injunctive relief, requiring buffers of 20 yards for ground application and 100 yards for any aerial application. These measures are mandatory in all four states, pending completion of consultation. California and Oregon both have Pesticide Use Reporting System (PURS) legislation. California PURS requires all agricultural uses of registered pesticides be reported. In this case “agricultural” use includes applications to parks, golf courses, and most livestock uses. Oregon requires reporting if application is part of a business, for a government agency, or in a public place. However, the Governor of Oregon has suggested suspending the PURS program for 2009 – 2011 due to budget shortages. A final decision 263
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
Page 3 and 4:
National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
Page 11 and 12:
Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 19 and 20:
Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
Page 29 and 30:
On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
Page 31 and 32:
in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
Page 47 and 48:
are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
Page 229 and 230: Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
Page 231 and 232: Table 33. Land uses and population
Page 233 and 234: (Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
Page 235 and 236: undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
Page 237 and 238: and grazing. Dams and water diversi
Page 239 and 240: Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
Page 241 and 242: water resources is handled by Calif
Page 243 and 244: containers at time of use. • Cond
Page 245 and 246: Table 36. Area of land use categori
Page 247 and 248: Columbia River Basin The most notab
Page 249 and 250: Ranching practices have led to incr
Page 251 and 252: 17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
Page 253 and 254: detected in samples from all sites,
Page 255 and 256: Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
Page 257 and 258: nation’s silver output has come f
Page 259 and 260: (USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
Page 261 and 262: The States of Oregon and Wasington
Page 263 and 264: Columbia River chum salmon are not
Page 265 and 266: including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268: density residential with some agric
Page 269 and 270: Although urban areas occupy only 2%
Page 271 and 272: Habitat Modification Much of the re
Page 273 and 274: Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
Page 275 and 276: the 1950s. The vast majority of the
Page 277 and 278: pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
Page 279: Habitat loss through wetland fills
Page 283 and 284: Oregon is in the process of develop
Page 285 and 286: Effects of the Proposed Action The
Page 287 and 288: Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
Page 289 and 290: high water solubility, low Kow, and
Page 291 and 292: Table 46. Environmental fate charac
Page 293 and 294: Species General Life History Descri
Page 295 and 296: Table 48. Examples of registered us
Page 297 and 298: Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
Page 299 and 300: estimate do not represent the highe
Page 301 and 302: BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
Page 303 and 304: alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
Page 305 and 306: Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
Page 307 and 308: habitat had a downwind width of 10
Page 309 and 310: Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
Page 311 and 312: monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
Page 313 and 314: 5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
Page 315 and 316: Summary information for carbaryl, c
Page 317 and 318: after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
Page 319 and 320: pesticide concentrations in the dis
Page 321 and 322: flowing water habitats, it is not s
Page 323 and 324: egistered products that contain mor
Page 325 and 326: potential ingredients in tank mixtu
Page 327 and 328: low maximum application rate. Howev
Page 329 and 330: occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
Page 413 and 414:
F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
Page 437 and 438:
Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460:
Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
Page 463 and 464:
all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470:
Land use data indicate that the Col
Page 471 and 472:
Central California Coast Coho Salmo
Page 473 and 474:
Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476:
effects. In several streams, one or
Page 477 and 478:
ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
Page 479 and 480:
miles where agricultural crops are
Page 481 and 482:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 483 and 484:
carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 485 and 486:
The major threats to this DPS ident
Page 487 and 488:
lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
Page 499 and 500:
The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504:
Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
Page 507 and 508:
The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510:
Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522:
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524:
Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528:
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
Page 551 and 552:
ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554:
incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556:
given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558:
species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562:
the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564:
spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566:
distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570:
Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
Page 587 and 588:
Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
Page 603 and 604:
Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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