Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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as listed under the ESA (March 25, 1999, 64 FR 14528). However, once the hatchery fish return and spawn in the wild, their progeny are considered listed. Life History The sockeye salmon life history is one of the most complex of any Pacific salmon species because of its variable freshwater residency (one to three years in freshwater), and because the species has several different forms: fish that go to the ocean and back, fish that remain in freshwater, and fish that do both. Adult Ozette Lake sockeye salmon enter Ozette Lake through the Ozette River from April to early August. Adults remain in the lake for an extended period of time (return April – August; spawn late October-February) before spawning on beaches or in the tributaries. Sockeye salmon spawn primarily in lakeshore upwelling areas in Ozette Lake (at Allen’s Bay and Olsen’s Beach). Minor spawning may occur below Ozette Lake in the Ozette River or in Coal Creek, a tributary of the Ozette River. Sockeye salmon do not presently spawn in tributary streams to Ozette Lake. However, they may have spawned there historically. Eggs and alevins remain in gravel redds until the fish emerge as fry in spring. Fry then migrate immediately to the limnetic zone in Ozette Lake, where the fish rear. After one year of rearing, in late spring, Ozette Lake sockeye salmon emigrate seaward as one + smolts. The majority of Ozette Lake sockeye salmon return to spawn as four year old adult fish, having spent one winter in fresh water and two winters at sea (NMFS 2005b). As prespawning mortality is unknown, it is unclear what escapement levels to the spawning aggregations may be. In Ozette Lake, naturally high water temperatures and low summer flows in the Ozette River may affect migration by altering timing of the runs (La Riviere 1991). Declines in abundance have been attributed to a combination of introduced species, predation, loss of tributary populations, decline in quality of beach spawning habitat, temporarily unfavorable ocean conditions, habitat degradation, and excessive historical harvests (Jacobs, Larson et al. 1996) 134
Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salmon distribution. Land Cover Class Legend in Figure 7. 135 Neah Bay
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
Page 101 and 102: Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
Page 103 and 104: flow, temperature, sediment load, w
Page 105 and 106: San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
Page 107 and 108: of historic spawning areas. Additio
Page 109 and 110: Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
Page 111 and 112: Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
Page 113 and 114: Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
Page 115 and 116: and five-year old fish, after two t
Page 117 and 118: surface and ground water and degrad
Page 119 and 120: Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
Page 121 and 122: Bay, California. Historically, chum
Page 123 and 124: quality in the freshwater, estuarin
Page 125 and 126: Life History Chum salmon return to
Page 127 and 128: catastrophic events. Overall, the p
Page 129 and 130: Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
Page 131 and 132: improvements in 2000, with upward t
Page 133 and 134: ground water and degrade water qual
Page 135 and 136: San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
Page 137 and 138: Information on the abundance and pr
Page 139 and 140: Table 16 identifies populations wit
Page 141 and 142: Life History Although run time vari
Page 143 and 144: programs. The three major river sys
Page 145 and 146: Data on population abundance and tr
Page 147 and 148: Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
Page 149 and 150: Preliminary spawner survey data for
Page 151: channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
Page 155 and 156: the 1997 status review due to resam
Page 157 and 158: Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
Page 159 and 160: Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
Page 161 and 162: esume migration in early spring to
Page 163 and 164: Central California Coast Steelhead
Page 165 and 166: Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
Page 167 and 168: San Francisco Figure 25. California
Page 169 and 170: and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
Page 171 and 172: Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
Page 173 and 174: hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
Page 175 and 176: species includes the only populatio
Page 177 and 178: Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
Page 179 and 180: Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
Page 181 and 182: Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
Page 183 and 184: may affect steelhead migration patt
Page 185 and 186: Of the 21 populations in the Puget
Page 187 and 188: Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
Page 189 and 190: and spawner estimates for the Tucan
Page 191 and 192: San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
Page 193 and 194: Figure 32. Southern California stee
Page 195 and 196: extinction,” with the remaining 1
Page 197 and 198: Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
Page 199 and 200: “low” for the Wenatchee and Met
Page 201 and 202: Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
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Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
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Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
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Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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