Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Carbofuran Carbofuran adversely affected swimming behaviors in goldfish (C. auratus) following 24 and 48 h exposures to the lowest concentration tested, 5 μg/L (Bretaud, Saglio et al. 2002). Swimming activity (fish swimming from one zone to another), the least sensitive endpoint, was significantly affected at 500 μg/L carbofuran, while burst swimming, the most sensitive endpoint, was significantly affected at 5 μg/L following 24 h exposure (Bretaud, Saglio et al. 2002). Burst swimming behavior, sheltering, and nipping in goldfish were significantly increased by a 4 h exposure to 1 μg/L carbofuran (Saglio, Trijasse et al. 1996). At 12 h exposures, significant effects were observed at 100 μg/L for sheltering, nipping, and burst swimming. Grouping of goldfish showed non dose-dependent responses as significant effects (p
24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al. 1987). In another study with cutthroat trout within 42 h recovery occurred following 6 h exposure(Labenia, Baldwin et al. 2007). In the latter study, cutthroat trout recovered approximately half of their pre-exposure AChE activity within 6 h, following peak AChE inhibition within 2 h. Both of these studies indicate that recovery of AChE activity following exposure to carbamates occurs quickly and is highly dependent on environmental exposure conditions found in aquatic habitats. We did not locate additional studies with other carbamates, but located multiple studies with OP insecticides. The OPs chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion showed significant and persistent effects to a suite of swimming related behaviors in salmonids at concentrations expected in salmonid habitats; as reviewed in NMFS’ November 18, 2008 Opinion on these three OP insecticides (NMFS 2008). Robust evidence of the three OPs showed reductions in swimming speed (Brewer, Little et al. 2001), distance swam (Brewer, Little et al. 2001), acceleration (Tierney, Casselman et al. 2007), food strikes (Sandahl, Baldwin et al. 2005) and significant correlations with AChE activity (Brewer, Little et al. 2001; Sandahl, Baldwin et al. 2005). Additionally, other OPs including fenitrothion, parathion, and methyl parathion, adversely affected a suite of swimming behaviors reviewed by (Little and Finger 1990). One noteworthy study investigated the effects of six pesticides including methyl parathion (OP) and tribufos (OP) on rainbow trout swimming behavior (Little, Archeski et al. 1990). All insecticides adversely affected spontaneous swimming activity, while DEF also reduced swimming capacity in juvenile rainbow trout (Little, Archeski et al. 1990). In bluegill, methyl parathion adversely affected burst swimming behavior at 300 μg/L (Henry and Atchison 1984). Respiratory disruptions, comfort movements, and aggression behaviors in bluegill were all adversely affected by 24 h exposures to methyl parathion at 3.5 μg/L. This suggests that these social behaviors are very sensitive to AChE inhibition (Henry and Atchison 1984). Two month old juvenile rainbow trout, brook trout, and coho were exposed to malathion (Phillaps Malathion 55%) for 7-10 days depending on species (Post and Leasure 1974). Swimming performance, brain AChE activity, and recovery time were measured following exposure to malathion concentrations of 0, 40, 90, 120 μg/L in brook trout; 0, 55, 112, 175 μg/L in rainbow trout; and 0, 100, 200, 300 μg/L in coho. Additionally, once fish recovered AChE 341
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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Page 309 and 310: Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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Page 315 and 316: Summary information for carbaryl, c
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Page 327 and 328: low maximum application rate. Howev
Page 329 and 330: occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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Page 333 and 334: Temperature and toxicity We found n
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Page 337 and 338: Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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Page 341 and 342: Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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Page 347 and 348: included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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Page 357: consumed relative to unexposed fish
Page 361 and 362: We located studies that measured ol
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Page 367 and 368: single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370: Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371 and 372: Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
Page 373 and 374: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 375 and 376: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 377 and 378: macroinvertebrate community did not
Page 379 and 380: Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382: Risk Characterization In this secti
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390: Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392: Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Page 395 and 396: up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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Page 399 and 400: • Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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Page 403 and 404: Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406: Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
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PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
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Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
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Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
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Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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