Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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References Cited Abbas, R., I. R. Schultz, et al. (1996). "Toxicokinetics of parathion and paraoxon in rainbow trout after intravascular administration and water exposure." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 136(1): 194-199. Abdel-Halim, K. Y., A. K. Salama, et al. (2006). "Organophosphorus pollutants (OPP) in aquatic environment at Damietta Governorate, Egypt: Implications for monitoring and biomarker responses." Chemosphere 63(9): 1491-1498. Adams, P. (2000). "Memorandum 19 January to Rodney McInnis: Status review update for the steelhead Northern California evolutionarily significant unit. ." available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California 95060. Ajawani, S. (1956). "A review of Lake Washington watershed, historical, biological, and limnological." M.s. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Allan, J. D. (1995). Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. London, Alden Press. Anderson, B. S., J. W. Hunt, et al. (2003). "Integrated assessment of the impacts of agricultural drainwater in the Salinas River (California, USA)." Environmental Pollution 124(3): 523- 532. Anderson, B. S., J. W. Hunt, et al. (2003). "Ecotoxicologic impacts of agricultural drain water in the Salinas River, California, USA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(10): 2375-2384. Anderson, B. S., B. A. Phillips, et al. (2006). "Evidence of pesticide impacts in the Santa Maria River watershed, California, USA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25(4): 1160-1170. Anderson, B. S., B. M. Phillips, et al. (2006). "Identifying primary stressors impacting macroinvertebrates in the Salinas River (California, USA): Relative effects of pesticides and suspended particles." Environmental Pollution 141(3): 402-408. Anderson, P. D., D. Dugger, et al. (2007). Surface water monitoring program for pesticides in salmonid-bearing streams, 2006 monitoring data summary. Washington State Department of Ecology. Publication No. 07-03-016.: 43 p. Anderson, S. E. (1999). Use of off-channel freshwater wetlands by juvenile chinook and other salmonids: Potential for habitat restoration in Puget Sound. , The Evergreen State College. Masters: 73. Antolos, M., D. D. Roby, et al. (2005). "Caspian tern predation on juvenile salmonids in the Mid-Columbia River." Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.(134): 466-480. Antwi, L. A. K. (1985). "Effects of aerial spraying of chlorphoxin on the brain acetylchloinesterase activity of fish from three rivers in the Ivory Coast, West Africa." Environmental Pollution 39: 151-159. Arsenault, J. T. M., W. L. Fairchild, et al. (2004). "Effects of water-borne 4-nonylphenol and 17 beta-estradiol exposures during parr-smolt transformation on growth and plasma IGF-I of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)." Aquatic Toxicology 66(3): 255-265. Arukwe, A. and K. Roe (2008). "Molecular and cellular detection of expression of vitellogenin and zona radiata protein in liver and skin of juvenile salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to nonylphenol." Cell and Tissue Research 331(3): 701-712. 502
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et al. (1980). "Toxic and sublethal effects of carbaryl on a freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus (B:loch)." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 9: 307-316. Aspelin, A. L. and A. H. Grube (1999). Pesticides industry sales and usage-1996 and 1997 market estimates: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Biological and Economic Analysis Division.: 39 p. Bacchetta, R., P. Mantecca, et al. (2008). "Axial-skeletal defects caused by Carbaryl in Xenopus laevis embryos." Science of the Total Environment 392(1): 110-118. Bakkala, R. G. (1970). "Synopsis of biological data on the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) 1792." FAO Fish. Synop. 41; U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Circ. 315: 89 p. Balint, T., J. Ferenczy, et al. (1997). "Similarities and differences between the massive eel (Anguilla anguilla L) devastations that occurred in Lake Balaton in 1991 and 1995." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37(1): 17-23. Barnhart, R. A. (1986). "Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Southwest): steelhead. ." Technical Report, TR- EL-82-4/872-11-60. Humboldt State University, Arcada, California. Barron, M. G. and K. B. Woodburn (1995). "Ecotoxicology of chlorpyrifos." Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Chemistry 144: 1-93. Bax, N. J. (1983). "The early marine migration of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) through Hood Canal - its variability and consequences." Ph.D. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: 196 p. Baxter, C. V., K. D. Fresh, et al. (2007). "Invading rainbow trout usurp a terrestrial prey subsidy from native charr and reduce their growth and abundance." Oceologia 153: 461-470. Beamish, R. J. and C.-E. M. Neville (1995). "Pacific salmon and Pacific herring mortalities in the Fraser River plume caused by river lamprey (Lampetra ayresi)." Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.(52): 644-650. Beamish, R. J., B. L. Thomson, et al. (1992). "Spiny dogfish predation on chinook and coho slamon and the potential effects on hatchery-produced salmon." Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 121(4): 444-445. Beechie, T. J., M. Liermann, et al. (2005). "A classification of habitat types in a large river and their use by juvenile salmonids." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134: 717-729. Belden, J. B., R. J. Gilliom, et al. (2007). "How well can we predict the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to aquatic life? ." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 3: 364-372. Belitz, K., S. N. Hamlin, et al. (2004). "Water Quality in the Santa Ana Basin, California, 1999- 2001." U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1238, Reston Virginia. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1238/pdf/circular1238.pdf (February 2008). Benda, L. E., D. J. Miller, et al. (2001). Dynamic landscape sysyems. River Ecology and Management, Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. R. J. Naiman and R. E. Bilby. New York, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.: 261-288. Berg, L. (2001). "Yakima subbasin summary (draft)." Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland, Oregon. 503
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
Page 87 and 88:
The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218:
chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
Page 267 and 268:
density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
Page 315 and 316:
Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
Page 363 and 364:
endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382:
Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
Page 385 and 386:
factor in the degree of toxicity of
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390:
Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392:
Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
Page 393 and 394:
Measured Concentrations in Willapa
Page 395 and 396:
up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
Page 399 and 400:
• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
Page 401 and 402:
the fish to determine the cause of
Page 403 and 404:
Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406:
Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
Page 407 and 408:
habitats during aerial applications
Page 409 and 410:
The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
Page 419 and 420:
Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
Page 421 and 422:
Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
Page 423 and 424:
Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
Page 425 and 426:
The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
Page 435 and 436:
Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
Page 437 and 438:
Table 80. Multiple application scen
Page 439 and 440:
Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
Page 443 and 444:
support one or more lifestages. For
Page 445 and 446:
We attempted to compare expected co
Page 447 and 448:
Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
Page 451 and 452:
Integration and Synthesis The Integ
Page 453 and 454:
carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460:
Given the life history of LCR Chino
Page 461 and 462:
Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
Page 463 and 464:
all three a.i.s are expected to be
Page 465 and 466:
completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470: Land use data indicate that the Col
Page 471 and 472: Central California Coast Coho Salmo
Page 473 and 474: Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476: effects. In several streams, one or
Page 477 and 478: ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
Page 479 and 480: miles where agricultural crops are
Page 481 and 482: The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 483 and 484: carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 485 and 486: The major threats to this DPS ident
Page 487 and 488: lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
Page 489 and 490: consequences and subsequent populat
Page 491 and 492: and surface waters within the heavi
Page 493 and 494: 1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
Page 495 and 496: salmon, Northern California steelhe
Page 497 and 498: natural cover such as submerged and
Page 499 and 500: The precise change in the conservat
Page 501 and 502: coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504: Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
Page 505 and 506: Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
Page 507 and 508: The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510: Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
Page 511 and 512: items will die from these exposures
Page 513 and 514: action will attain this level in th
Page 515 and 516: proposed action. Therefore, inciden
Page 517 and 518: 1. Minimize the amount and extent o
Page 519: met within the next 15 years, then
Page 523 and 524: Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526: CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528: Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530: FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532: Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534: IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536: government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538: Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540: NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542: PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544: Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546: Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548: Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550: Introduction To assess the potentia
Page 551 and 552: ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554: incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556: given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558: species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560: For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562: the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564: spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566: distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568: Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570: Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
Page 587 and 588:
Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
Page 597 and 598:
FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
Page 603 and 604:
Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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