Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Chemical Taxa/species Carbaryl carbaryl carbaryl C. californica (stonefly) Cinygma sp. (mayfly) Stream invertebrate aquatic community Xathocnemis zealandica (damselfly) Assessment measures Concentrations tested Survival (EC50) 17.3, 173, 1730 μg/L Aquatic invertebrate drift, survival; presence and abundance of riffle invertebrates; recovery of benthic invertebrates Emergence of damselflies, % emerged 10.2, 102, 204, 408, 1020 μg/L 0.75 lbs/ acre; 1 lb/acre 1, 10, 100 μg/L (concentrations replenished every 12 days at ½ the nominal treatment level) 352 Exposure duration 15 min 30 60 15 min 30 60 96 h recovery period 2, 30, 60, 365 day drift sampling post spray; 1,2, 3, 30, 60 day benthic samples Effects EC50= na EC50= na EC50 = 1139 95% CI (370- 15400) μg/L EC50 = 848 no CI EC50 = 220 no CI EC50 = 165 95% CI (124-232) 170-fold increase in drift at 2 d. All invertebrates in drift samples dead at 2 d (Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera Diptera were common), at 30 and 60 d drift below prey-spray levels. Within hrs larger stream inverts found dead (Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Emphemerptera), Tricoptera abandoned their cases; at 30 and 60 d significant population declines of salmonid-prey invertebrates compared to prespray levels. Total number of organisms not significantly reduced. 67 days 90% reduction in emergence at 100 μg/L no significant differences at 1 and 10 μg/L. Data source (Peterson, Jepson et al. 2001) (Courtemanc h and Gibbs 1980) (Hardersen and Wratten 1998)
Chemical Taxa/species Assessment measures Daphnia magna (daphnids) Population abundance at different phases; Life stage sensitivity carbaryl (survival, 48 h LC50) carbaryl carbaryl formulation (43.3% a.i.) Zooplankton pond community Abundance of zooplankton species Bluegill sunfish, multiple aquatic species including phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates Abundance and richness of species groups; Fish survival and growth Concentrations tested 15 μg/L applied as a single pulse at different population phases (treatments): growing, density peak, stable 500 μg/L; 1-3 applications to pond mesocosms; 0.1 mg/L 2, 6, 20, 60, 200 μg/L; applications at weekly intervals for 6 weeks 353 Exposure duration Effects Data source 1 pulse at day 70% decline in abundance (Takahashi 8 to growing during growth phase, 92.6% and treatment (3 decline in peak phase, 34.8 % Hanazato replicates), decline in stable phase , 2007) day 11 to compare to a 61% decline in density peak control population; treatment , day 25 stable treatment; 48 h Survival (48h LC50s) 0 – 3 months At 500 μg/L sustained (Hanazato reductions in daphnid and and Yasuno copepod populations. No observable reductions in rotifer populations. At 100 μg/L, reductions in daphnid population observed, but not with copepods or rotifers 1990) 0 – 12 weeks, no long term reductions in Registrantwith 6 weekly major invertebrate groups submitted pulses were observed; no detectable study (1993) beginning at differences in bluegill survival week 10 or growth between control and pesticide treatments, carbaryl half life was 30 min, mean pH of treatment groups in application events ranged from 9.2-10.3; mean temperatures ranged from 17 – 27 ◦C, with the majority between 20-24 ◦C.
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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Page 333 and 334: Temperature and toxicity We found n
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Page 337 and 338: Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
Page 339 and 340: at several times during an experime
Page 341 and 342: Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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Page 347 and 348: included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
Page 349 and 350: 730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
Page 351 and 352: TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
Page 353 and 354: the uncertainties related to experi
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Page 357 and 358: consumed relative to unexposed fish
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Page 361 and 362: We located studies that measured ol
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Page 367 and 368: single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369: Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 373 and 374: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 375 and 376: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 377 and 378: macroinvertebrate community did not
Page 379 and 380: Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382: Risk Characterization In this secti
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390: Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 391 and 392: Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
Page 393 and 394: Measured Concentrations in Willapa
Page 395 and 396: up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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Page 399 and 400: • Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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Page 403 and 404: Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
Page 405 and 406: Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
Page 407 and 408: habitats during aerial applications
Page 409 and 410: The second line of evidence is whet
Page 411 and 412: D. Impair swimming which leads to r
Page 413 and 414: F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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Page 417 and 418: In a second modeling exercise, we t
Page 419 and 420: Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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