Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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On February 20, 2009, EPA e-mailed NMFS information on carbaryl use patterns for Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. On March 5, 2009, NMFS received an extension from the court for this consultation from March 31, 2009, to April 20, 2009. On March 12, 2009, NMFS requested clarification from EPA on the carbaryl use data provided in its February 20, 2009, e-mail. NMFS also requested EPA forward cancellation notices for carbaryl for several crop uses once they are available. On March 13, 2009, NMFS met with and provided EPA a list of questions pertaining to past, ongoing, and future pesticide consultations with EPA. On March 17, 2009, NMFS e-mailed EPA instructions to access a pdf copy of the draft Opinion from NMFS’ ftp site. NMFS also FedExed a pdf copy of the draft Opinion to EPA on that same day. Although this draft did not include Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives (RPAs), NMFS conveyed to EPA that RPAs will be provided on the following day. On that same date, EPA downloaded the draft Opinion file from NMFS’ ftp site and requested NMFS provide word version files for future draft Opinions. On March 18, 2009, NMFS provided EPA instructions to access a pdf copy of the draft Opinion, including RPAs from NMFS’ ftp site. NMFS also FedExed a word file of a full draft Opinion, including RPAs and a separate RPA file to EPA. On this same day, EPA responded to NMFS’ query of SLN use of carbaryl in Washington State. EPA’s e-mail further stated that Bayer CropScience does not support carbaryl use for adult mosquito treatments although carbaryl is registered for use on a number of sites where it could kill mosquitoes. 14
On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMFS information on the voluntary cancellation of carbofuran. NMFS replied to EPA’s message and reminded EPA of NMFS questions raised in a February 3, 2009, e-mail regarding uses of carbofuran. On March 24, 2009, EPA notified NMFS via e-mail of receipt of the cd containing the word versions of a complete draft Opinion and separate RPA document. On March 30, 2009, EPA and NMFS confirmed their availability to meet with the three identified applicants for this consultation on April 7, 2009. On April 7, 2009, EPA, NMFS, and the applicants met at EPA’s office in Crystal City, VA. NMFS presented its assessment and conclusions on the draft Opinion. The applicants provided a combined presentation on their general and specific comments on NMFS’ draft Opinion. Afterwards, all parties discussed potential Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives (RPAs) as NMFS concluded that EPA’s proposed action will likely result in jeopardy of listed species and adverse modification of critical habitat for listed Pacific salmonids under NMFS’ jurisdiction. On that same date, NMFS and EPA discussed RPAs for this consultation and for NMFS’ November 18, 2008, Opinion for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion. On April 9, 2009, NMFS received copies of the three presentations made by the applicants at the April 7, 2009, meeting. On April 10, 2009, NMFS received written comments from EPA on the March 18, 2009 draft Opinion for carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl. On that same date, NMFS received comments on the draft Opinion from Bayer CropScience on carbaryl and from DuPont on methomyl. On April 15, 2009, NMFS received additional comments from Bayer CropScience on the draft Opinion. 15
Page 1 and 2: Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
Page 3 and 4: National Marine Fisheries Service E
Page 5 and 6: Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
Page 7 and 8: Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
Page 9 and 10: Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
Page 11 and 12: Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
Page 13 and 14: Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
Page 15 and 16: Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
Page 17 and 18: Table 67. . Examples of published f
Page 19 and 20: Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
Page 21 and 22: This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
Page 23 and 24: activities that may improve EPA’s
Page 25 and 26: affect but is not likely to adverse
Page 27 and 28: On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
Page 29 and 30: On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
Page 31: in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
Page 35 and 36: After registering a pesticide, EPA
Page 37 and 38: isk assessment. With these and othe
Page 39 and 40: Typically, formulations are combine
Page 41 and 42: EPA also issued generic and product
Page 43 and 44: pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
Page 45 and 46: Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
Page 47 and 48: are subject to a four year phase-ou
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Registered uses and applic
Page 51 and 52: mildews and other fungal diseases.
Page 53 and 54: methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
Page 55 and 56: would not likely adversely affect C
Page 57 and 58: In the final steps of our analyses,
Page 59 and 60: Evidence Available for the Consulta
Page 61 and 62: sustaining in the natural environme
Page 63 and 64: Stressors of the Action (see Figure
Page 65 and 66: Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
Page 67 and 68: habitats is then assessed. This por
Page 69 and 70: The problem formulation phase as ar
Page 71 and 72: Risk Characterization We follow the
Page 73 and 74: the probability of risk. In the Ris
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
Page 77 and 78: Opinion. Summaries of the status an
Page 79 and 80: Chinook salmon are dependent on the
Page 81 and 82: Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
Page 83 and 84:
Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
Page 85 and 86:
Table 7 identifies populations with
Page 87 and 88:
The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
Page 417 and 418:
In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
Page 451 and 452:
Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458:
also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468:
The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522:
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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