Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

contributed to an increase in silt deposition, which impairs the quality and quantity of
spawning habitat.
Very little is known about the relative health of the Ozette Lake tributaries and their
impact on the sockeye salmon population.
Mining
Oregon is ranked 35 th nationally in total nonfuel mineral production value in 2004. In
that same year, Washington was ranked 13 th nationally in total nonfuel mineral
production value and 17 th in coal production (Palmisano, Ellis et al. 1993; NMA 2007).
Metal mining for all metals (e.g., zinc, copper, lead, silver, and gold) peaked in
Washington between 1940 and 1970 (Palmisano, Ellis et al. 1993). Today, construction
sand, gravel, Portland cement, and crushed stone are the predominant materials mined in
both Oregon and Washington. Where sand and gravel is mined from riverbeds (gravel
bars and floodplains) changes in channel elevations and patterns, instream sediment
loads, may result and alter instream habitat. In some cases, instream or floodplain mining
has resulted in large scale river avulsions. The effect of mining in a stream or reach
depends upon the rate of harvest and the natural rate of replenishment. Additionally, the
severity of the effects is influenced by flood and precipitation conditions during or after
the mining operations.
Hydromodification Projects
Compared to other areas in the greater Northwest Region, the coastal region has fewer
dams and several rivers remain free flowing (e.g., Clearwater River). The Umpqua River
is fragmented by 64 dams, the fewest number of dams on any large river basin in Oregon
(Carter and Resh 2005). According to Palmisano et al. (1993) dams in the coastal
streams of Washington permanently block only about 30 miles of salmon habitat. In the
past, temporary splash dams were constructed throughout the region to transport logs out
of mountainous reaches. The general practice involved building a temporary dam in the
creek adjacent to the area being logged, and filling the pond with logs. When the dam
broke the floodwater would carry the logs to downstream reaches where they could be
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