Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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interpretation of results is complicated by how well the results represent natural aquatic ecosystems and how well the studies apply to salmonid-specific assessment endpoints and risk hypotheses. These studies typically measured individual responses of aquatic organisms to contaminants in the presence of other species. Some are applicable to questions of trophic effects and invertebrate recovery, as well as providing pesticide fate information. The most useful mesocosm study results for this Opinion are those that directly pertain to identified assessment endpoints and risk hypotheses. We discuss study results in the context of salmonid prey responses, emphasizing survival and recovery of prey taxa as well as shifts from preferred taxa to other taxa if measured. One of the notable limitations of these study types is they do not take represent real world aquatic ecosystems that are degraded from various stressors including contaminants and elevated water temperature.. Results from aquatic field studies were generally not discussed in great detail within the BEs. We discuss field studies that evaluated identified assessment endpoints, particularly those which address salmonid prey responses in systems with ESA-listed salmonids. Ranges in toxicity values presented in the BEs for each a.i. are summarized in Table 64. Ranges in toxicity values (μg/L) are organized by assessment endpoint and associated assessment measures. The BEs provided toxicity information from EPA’s EFED Pesticide Toxicity Database and from the ACQUIRE database. 322
Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxicity values (μg/L) presented in BEs and REDs for carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl Assessment carbaryl (μg/L) carbofuran (μg/L) methomyl (μg/L) Endpoint Assessment measure > 95% a.i. < 95% a.i. degradate (s) > 95% a.i. < 95% a.i. degradate (s) > 95% a.i. < 95% a.i. degradate (s) Survival Survival Reproduction or larval survival Fish growth Habitat- salmonid prey Freshwater fish LC50 Salmonid LC50 NOEC/LOEC NOEC/LOEC 250 – 20,000 n=17 250 – 3,000 n=7 fathead minnows 210/ 680 n=1 invertebrate survival 1.7 - 26 n=5 invertebrate fecundity/ emergence/ developmental rate invertebrate reproduction -- 500- 1,000 n=1 1.5-3.3 n=1 1. Larval survival derived from 28 day fish assays 2. Juvenile growth measured at 60, 75, 90 d exposure n is the number of studies 14,000- 290,000 n=8 1,400 – 4,500 n=4 -- -- 4.3 - 13.0 n=5 -- -- 1,400-1,800 n=6 1,400, 1,600 n=2 -- -- 200-2,100 n=5 -- -- 323 88 – 1,990 n=20 164 - 600 n=10 rainbow trout 24.8/ 56.7 n=1 (larval survival 1 ) rainbow trout 2 24.8/ 56.7 n=1 2.2 – 2,700 n=3 -- 9.8/ 27 n=1 240 – 3,100 n=6 610 n=1 -- -- 41 n=1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 480 – 6,800 n=11 560 – 6,800 n=6 fathead minnow 57/117 n=1 (larval survival 1 ) fathead minnow 76,117/ 142,243 n=2 8.8 - 920 n=8 0.4-0.8 n=1 1.6- 3.1 n=1 300 – 7,700 n=16 1,200 – 3,200 n=7 -- -- 7.6 - 720 n=6 -- -- 462,000 n=1 -- -- -- -- -- --
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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Page 291 and 292: Table 46. Environmental fate charac
Page 293 and 294: Species General Life History Descri
Page 295 and 296: Table 48. Examples of registered us
Page 297 and 298: Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
Page 299 and 300: estimate do not represent the highe
Page 301 and 302: BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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Page 305 and 306: Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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Page 309 and 310: Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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Page 313 and 314: 5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
Page 315 and 316: Summary information for carbaryl, c
Page 317 and 318: after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
Page 319 and 320: pesticide concentrations in the dis
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Page 327 and 328: low maximum application rate. Howev
Page 329 and 330: occupy shoreline habitats of only a
Page 331 and 332: vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
Page 333 and 334: Temperature and toxicity We found n
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Page 337 and 338: Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
Page 339: at several times during an experime
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Page 347 and 348: included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
Page 349 and 350: 730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
Page 351 and 352: TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
Page 353 and 354: the uncertainties related to experi
Page 355 and 356: capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
Page 357 and 358: consumed relative to unexposed fish
Page 359 and 360: 24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
Page 361 and 362: We located studies that measured ol
Page 363 and 364: endpoints of salmonids remains a re
Page 365 and 366: items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
Page 367 and 368: single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370: Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371 and 372: Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
Page 373 and 374: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 375 and 376: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
Page 377 and 378: macroinvertebrate community did not
Page 379 and 380: Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382: Risk Characterization In this secti
Page 383 and 384: survival appears to be the most sen
Page 385 and 386: factor in the degree of toxicity of
Page 387 and 388: Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
Page 389 and 390: Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456:
The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522:
Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526:
CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528:
Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530:
FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532:
Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534:
IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
Page 555 and 556:
given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
Page 557 and 558:
species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
Page 561 and 562:
the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564:
spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
Page 565 and 566:
distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570:
Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
Page 577 and 578:
Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
Page 579 and 580:
Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
Page 599 and 600:
PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
Page 605 and 606:
Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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