Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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throughout the growing season. Existing stocks of carbofuran are also expected to be applied throughout the growing season. In urban and residential areas, carbaryl will likely be applied throughout the entire year. Registered 24(c) uses within this ESU include carbofuran application to potatoes, nursery stock, sugar beets, and watermelons in Oregon and to potatoes and spinach grown for seed in Washington. Given the high amount of agriculture in these areas, we also expect other AChE inhibiting pesticides will co-occur with carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl and exacerbate adverse effects from AChE inhibition. Thus, DPS exposure to these pesticides is expected to be high Mature adults (three to five years old) may enter rivers any month of the year and spawn in late winter or spring. Swim–up fry usually inhabit shallow water along banks of streams or aquatic habitats on stream margins. Steelhead rear in a variety of freshwater habitats and most remain in freshwater for two to three years. Some individuals, however, have stayed for as many as six to seven years. Most MCR steelhead smolt at two years and spend one to two years in the ocean prior to re-entering the freshwater to spawn. Intense agricultural development has a high degree of overlap with the spawning and rearing areas of the MCR steelhead DPS. Given the long residency periods in freshwater, we expect that the proposed uses of of the three carbamates may lead to both individual fitness and populationlevel consequences. Therefore, the risk to this species’ survival and recovery from the stressors of the action is high for carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl. Northern California Steelhead The NC steelhead DPS includes all naturally spawned steelhead in California coastal river basins from Redwood Creek southward to, but not including, the Russian River, as well as two artificial propagation programs. Historical estimates of annual production for this DPS are upwards of 200,000 fish. Exact information on abundance is lacking for most of the streams within the DPS, though most populations are in decline. The DPS includes 15 historically independent populations of winter steelhead and 10 populations of summer steelhead. None of the winter steelhead populations are viable due to low abundance and production. 466
The major threats to this DPS identified in the Status of Listed Resources and Environmental Baseline sections are timber harvest, forest roads, vineyard developments, and road crossings and dams. Stressors to the NC steelhead include lack of large instream woody debris, reduced riparian vegetation, elevated water temperature, increased predation, and barriers that limit access to tributaries. The combined impacts from these multiple threats continue to affect the NC steelhead. About 85% of the land use for this DPS consists of forests and chaparral (Table 26). Atlhough carbaryl may be applied in forested areas, the extent of exposure is unknown. There are areas of Mendocino County with a high density of vineyards, and there is some crop farming in low laying areas and floodplains along the estuaries and lower reaches of coastal streams. Coastal communities are located at the mouths of several streams within the NC steelhead DPS. Based on the crop types, we expect carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl to be commonly applied throughout the growing season in these areas. Carbaryl is expected to be used the entire year within urban and residential areas. However, because agricultural and urban development is not concentrated in any one basin, the risk of exposure to any given population is decreased. Additionally, the majority of steelhead juveniles rear at higher elevations in the watersheds with less agricultural influence. The fry, then, are less likely to be exposed during critical life stages. The winter-type steelhead enters rivers as mature adults between November and April to spawn. The summer-type enters the stream in immature condition between May and October. Early arriving summer steelehead move high into the upper watersheds where they hold in deep pools throughout the summer before spawning in fall. In northern California, juvenile steelhead remain in freshwater for two or more years before migrating downstream to smolt. Juvenile steelheads spend a variable amount of time in the estuary before entering the open ocean. We expect the proposed uses of carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl pesticides products within this DPS may lead to individual fitness effects, ranging from acute lethality to temporary AChE inhibition. However, exposure of NC steelhead populations to the three carbamates will be limited given the amount of overlap between agriculture, residential and urban development and spawning and rearing habitat. As such, we do not expect exposure to result in population-level 467
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
Page 433 and 434: dominated by agricultural or urban
Page 435 and 436: Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
Page 437 and 438: Table 80. Multiple application scen
Page 439 and 440: Because olfaction plays an importan
Page 441 and 442: expect co-occurrence of the three i
Page 443 and 444: support one or more lifestages. For
Page 445 and 446: We attempted to compare expected co
Page 447 and 448: Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
Page 449 and 450: entry into freshwater systems. Carb
Page 451 and 452: Integration and Synthesis The Integ
Page 453 and 454: carbofuran applications could cause
Page 455 and 456: The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 457 and 458: also exposed to poor water quality
Page 459 and 460: Given the life history of LCR Chino
Page 461 and 462: Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
Page 463 and 464: all three a.i.s are expected to be
Page 465 and 466: completing migration to the Pacific
Page 467 and 468: The major threats to this ESU ident
Page 469 and 470: Land use data indicate that the Col
Page 471 and 472: Central California Coast Coho Salmo
Page 473 and 474: Pesticide use and detections in LCR
Page 475 and 476: effects. In several streams, one or
Page 477 and 478: ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
Page 479 and 480: miles where agricultural crops are
Page 481 and 482: The Status of Listed Resources and
Page 483: carbofuran application to potatoes,
Page 487 and 488: lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
Page 489 and 490: consequences and subsequent populat
Page 491 and 492: and surface waters within the heavi
Page 493 and 494: 1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
Page 495 and 496: salmon, Northern California steelhe
Page 497 and 498: natural cover such as submerged and
Page 499 and 500: The precise change in the conservat
Page 501 and 502: coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
Page 503 and 504: Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
Page 505 and 506: Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
Page 507 and 508: The RPA is comprised of six require
Page 509 and 510: Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
Page 511 and 512: items will die from these exposures
Page 513 and 514: action will attain this level in th
Page 515 and 516: proposed action. Therefore, inciden
Page 517 and 518: 1. Minimize the amount and extent o
Page 519 and 520: met within the next 15 years, then
Page 521 and 522: Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
Page 523 and 524: Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
Page 525 and 526: CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
Page 527 and 528: Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
Page 529 and 530: FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
Page 531 and 532: Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
Page 533 and 534: IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
Page 535 and 536:
government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
Page 537 and 538:
Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
Page 539 and 540:
NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
Page 541 and 542:
PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
Page 543 and 544:
Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
Page 545 and 546:
Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
Page 547 and 548:
Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
Page 549 and 550:
Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
Page 553 and 554:
incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
Page 559 and 560:
For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
Page 563 and 564:
spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
Page 567 and 568:
Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
Page 569 and 570:
Table 1. List of values used for co
Page 571 and 572:
Table 4. Matrix transition element
Page 573 and 574:
Figure 2. 555
Page 575 and 576:
Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
Page 583 and 584:
Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
Page 589 and 590:
Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
Page 591 and 592:
Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
Page 593 and 594:
Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
Page 595 and 596:
Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
Page 607 and 608:
Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
Page 609:
WQS “A water quality standard def
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