Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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categories, with mean risk matrix scores ranging from moderately low for spatial structure to moderately high for abundance and productivity (population growth rate). Critical Habitat Critical habitat was designated for this species on September 2, 2005 (70 FR 52488). The critical habitat designation for this DPS identifies PCEs that include sites necessary to support one or more steelhead life stages. Specific sites include: (1) Freshwater spawning, (2) freshwater rearing, (3) freshwater migration, (4) estuarine areas free of obstruction, (5) nearshore marine areas free of obstructions, and (6) offshore marine areas with good water quality. The physical or biological features that characterize these sites include water quality and quantity, natural cover, forage, adequate passage conditions, and floodplain connectivity. Of 47 subbasins reviewed in NMFS’ assessment of critical habitat for the LCR steelhead, 34 subbasins were rated as having a high conservation value. Eleven subbasins were rated as having a medium value and two were rated as having a low value to the conservation of the DPS. Limiting factors identified for LCR steelhead include: (1) Degraded floodplain and steam channel structure and function, (2) reduced access to spawning/rearing habitat, (3) altered streamflow in tributaries, (4) excessive sediment and elevated water temperatures in tributaries, and (5) hatchery impacts (NMFS 2005b). The above conditions also introduce sediment, nutrients, biocides, metals, and other pollutants into surface and ground water and degrade water quality in the freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems throughout the Pacific Northwest. Middle Columbia River Steelhead Distribution Middle Columbia River (MCR) steelhead DPS includes anadromous populations in Oregon and Washington subbasins upstream of the Hood and Wind River systems to and including the Yakima River (Figure 27). There are four MPGs with 17 populations in this DPS. Steelhead from the SR Basin (described elsewhere) are excluded. This 156
species includes the only populations of inland winter steelhead in the U.S., in the Klickitat River and Fifteenmile Creek (Busby, Wainwright et al. 1996). Two hatchery populations are considered part of this species, the Deschutes River stock and the Umatilla River stock. Listing for neither of these stocks was considered warranted. MCR steelhead occupy the intermontane region which includes some of the driest areas of the Pacific Northwest, generally receiving less than 15.7 inches of rainfall annually. Vegetation is of the shrub-steppe province, reflecting the dry climate and harsh temperature extremes. Because of this habitat, occupied by the species, factors contributing to the decline include agricultural practices, especially grazing, and water diversions and withdrawals. In addition, hydropower development has impacted the species by preventing these steelhead from migrating to habitat above dams, and by killing some of them when they try to migrate through the Columbia River hydroelectric system. Table 20 identifies populations within the MCR Steelhead salmon DPS, their abundances, and hatchery input. Table 20. MCR Steelhead salmon populations, abundances, and hatchery contributions (Good, Waples et al. 2005). Population Historical Abundance Most Recent Spawner Abundance Hatchery Abundance Contributions Klickitat River Unknown 97-261 reds Unknown Yakima River Unknown 1,058-4,061 97% Fifteenmile Creek Unknown 2.87 rpm 100% Deschutes River Unknown 10,026-21,457 38% John Day upper main stream Unknown 926-4,168 96% John Day lower main stream Unknown 1.4 rpm 0% John Day upper north fork Unknown 2.57 rpm 0% John Day lower north fork Unknown .52 rpm 0% John Day middle fork Unknown 3.7 rpm 0% John Day south fork Unknown 2.52 rpm 0% Umatilla River Unknown 1,480-5,157 60% Touchet River Unknown 273-527 84% Total Unknown 157
Page 1 and 2:
Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
Page 123 and 124: quality in the freshwater, estuarin
Page 125 and 126: Life History Chum salmon return to
Page 127 and 128: catastrophic events. Overall, the p
Page 129 and 130: Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
Page 131 and 132: improvements in 2000, with upward t
Page 133 and 134: ground water and degrade water qual
Page 135 and 136: San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
Page 137 and 138: Information on the abundance and pr
Page 139 and 140: Table 16 identifies populations wit
Page 141 and 142: Life History Although run time vari
Page 143 and 144: programs. The three major river sys
Page 145 and 146: Data on population abundance and tr
Page 147 and 148: Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
Page 149 and 150: Preliminary spawner survey data for
Page 151 and 152: channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
Page 153 and 154: Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
Page 155 and 156: the 1997 status review due to resam
Page 157 and 158: Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
Page 159 and 160: Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
Page 161 and 162: esume migration in early spring to
Page 163 and 164: Central California Coast Steelhead
Page 165 and 166: Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
Page 167 and 168: San Francisco Figure 25. California
Page 169 and 170: and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
Page 171 and 172: Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
Page 173: hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
Page 177 and 178: Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
Page 179 and 180: Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
Page 181 and 182: Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
Page 183 and 184: may affect steelhead migration patt
Page 185 and 186: Of the 21 populations in the Puget
Page 187 and 188: Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
Page 189 and 190: and spawner estimates for the Tucan
Page 191 and 192: San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
Page 193 and 194: Figure 32. Southern California stee
Page 195 and 196: extinction,” with the remaining 1
Page 197 and 198: Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
Page 199 and 200: “low” for the Wenatchee and Met
Page 201 and 202: Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
Page 203 and 204: Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
Page 205 and 206: Natural Mortality Factors Available
Page 207 and 208: Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
Page 209 and 210: downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
Page 211 and 212: Oceanographic Features and Climatic
Page 213 and 214: coincides with relatively poor ocea
Page 215 and 216: from streams in watersheds with agr
Page 217 and 218: chemicals used has decreased (Table
Page 219 and 220: California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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Page 223 and 224: characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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flowing water habitats, it is not s
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egistered products that contain mor
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potential ingredients in tank mixtu
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low maximum application rate. Howev
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occupy shoreline habitats of only a
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Walk
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Temperature and toxicity We found n
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exposure concentrations. Moreover,
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Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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at several times during an experime
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Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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fish, number of eggs per mature fem
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varigatus), an estuarine species, b
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included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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730 μg/L for D. magna (freshwater
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TEP) are contained in Appendix D-1.
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the uncertainties related to experi
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capacity (Little and Finger 1990).
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consumed relative to unexposed fish
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24 hr exposure (Zinkl, Shea et al.
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We located studies that measured ol
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endpoints of salmonids remains a re
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items (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980;
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single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
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Table 65. Study designs and results
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Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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macroinvertebrate community did not
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Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
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Risk Characterization In this secti
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survival appears to be the most sen
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factor in the degree of toxicity of
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Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Measured Concentrations in Willapa
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up to 100 m off the carbaryl applic
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average initial concentration from
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• Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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the fish to determine the cause of
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Dose-addition assumes the cumulativ
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Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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habitats during aerial applications
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The second line of evidence is whet
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D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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F. Exposure to mixtures of carbaryl
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used surfactant/adjuvant mixed with
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In a second modeling exercise, we t
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Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
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Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
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PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
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Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
Page 581 and 582:
Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
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Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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