Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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Chemical Taxa/species carbaryl formulation (Sevin-4-Oil) carbofuran Aquatic macroinvertebrate community; Platygobio gracilis (Flathead chub) Assessment measures Invertebrate drift; AChE inhibition in resident fish Gammarus pulex (fw amphipod) in situ survival, feeding rates; laboratory bioassays measured 24 h survival (LC50) and feeding rates Concentrations tested Aerial application in 1991 and 1993 applied at 0.5 lbs carabaryl/acre and 0.4 lbs/acre, respectively Field study: measured stream concentrations in stormwater runoff following an application of 3 kg a.i./ ha; 27 μg/L stream, 256 μg/L in agricultural field ditch Lab study: Feeding rate- 0.75,1.25,2.25,4.0,7.0, 12.0 μg/L 354 Exposure duration River water sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96 h; AChE inhibition measured at 24 h; Drift sampled 4 times daily for 4 days Field study: 5 day; 2 rain events captured Lab study: Survival- 24-, 48- 96-hr Feeding rate- 7 day exposures Effects 1 h average 85 μg/L and declined to 0.100 μg/L by 96 h in 1991; 2 h average 12 μg/L L and declined to 5.14 μg/L by 96 h in 1993; No detectable differences in AChE inhibition at 24 h, low statistical power (0.82 and 1); Note: AChE is expected to recover by 24 h; Increase in coefficient of variation of drift measure from day 1and 2 post application compared to reference site drift in 1991; Similar increase on day 2 in 1993; drift composed primarily of live mayflies (Emphemeroptera) Field study: All amphipod chambers showed reduced feeding rates at time during rain events and all amphipods died in 10 experimental chambers Lab study: Survival- μg/L (95% CI) 24 h LC50 = 21 (14.7-30) 48 h LC50 = 12.5 (5.7-27.5) 96 h LC50 = 9 (5.8-13.9) Feeding rate- >3 μg/L feeding rates reduced to 0 Data source (Beyers, Farmer et al. 1995) (Matthiessen , Shearan et al. 1995)
Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran carbofuran 1 h average 85 μg/L and declined to 0.100 μg/L by 96 h in 1991; 2 h average 12 μg/L L and declined to 5.14 μg/L by 96 h in 1993; No detectable differences in AChE inhibition at 24 h, low statistical power (0.82 and 1); Note: AChE is expected to recover by 24 h; Increase in coefficient of variation of drift measure from day 1and 2 post application compared to reference site drift in 1991; Similar increase on day 2 in 1993; drift composed primarily of live mayflies (Emphemeroptera) Aquatic invertebrate community in rice fields: ostracada, copepod, cladocera, mosquito larvae, chironomid larvae Assessment measures Taxa abundance and biomass Abundance of ostracada, copepod, cladocera, mosquito larvae, chironomid larvae Concentrations tested 5 μg/L 25 μg/L Note: pH of 9 in experimental pond reduced persistence of carbofuran by increasing the rate of hydrolysis (Chapman and Cole 1982) 0.1 kg carbofuran/ha- applied once 0.3 kg carbofuran/ha applied in two regimes: 3, 52, 85, 97 days; 16, 57, 69 days 355 Exposure duration Taxa assessed at 5, 11, 32, 55 days post application variable application intervals and frequencies Effects No detectable reductions to abundance or biomass of taxa from 5 μg/L; H azteca: 10% reduction in abundance; 6% reduction in biomass Chironominae: 77% dead in 48-72 h dip net samples compared to 0% dead in control and 5 μg/L treatment; biomass reduced by 17% at 55 d; evidence that younger larvae were less sensitive than older larvae; No detectable reductions in remaining taxa Ostracada: timing and magnitude of peak abundances not affected by carbofuran, multiple application regimes of 0.3 k/ha significantly reduced abundance compared to one application of 0.1 kg/ha Copepods: significant reductions at 45 and 57 d at 0.3 kg/ha. Cladoceran: rate of population growth significantly affected from 52 and 85 days at 0.3 kg/ha. Abundance lower at 0.1 kg/ha compared to 0.3 kg/ha. Chironomid larvae: isolated significant differences in abundances were found (P
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Ms. Debbie Edwards Director, Office
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National Marine Fisheries Service E
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Snake River Spring/Summer-Run Chino
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Commercial, Recreational, and Subsi
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Critical Habitat Risk Hypotheses ba
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Table of Figures Figure 1. Stressor
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Table of Tables Table 1. Registered
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 67. . Examples of published f
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Agency: Activities Considered: Nati
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This Opinion is based on NMFS’ re
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activities that may improve EPA’s
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affect but is not likely to adverse
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On November 13, 2008, EPA provided
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On January 21, 2009, the agencies a
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in California, Idaho, Oregon, and W
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On that same date, EPA e-mailed NMF
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After registering a pesticide, EPA
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isk assessment. With these and othe
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Typically, formulations are combine
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EPA also issued generic and product
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pecans, peppers, pistachios, plums,
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Use Site plants, woody plants CRP a
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are subject to a four year phase-ou
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Table 2. Registered uses and applic
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mildews and other fungal diseases.
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methomyl are 32.4 lb a.i./acre/year
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would not likely adversely affect C
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In the final steps of our analyses,
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Evidence Available for the Consulta
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sustaining in the natural environme
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Stressors of the Action (see Figure
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Species Risk Hypotheses We construc
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habitats is then assessed. This por
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The problem formulation phase as ar
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Risk Characterization We follow the
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the probability of risk. In the Ris
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Figure 5. Map showing extent of inl
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Opinion. Summaries of the status an
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Chinook salmon are dependent on the
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Eureka Figure 6. CC Chinook salmon
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Table 6. CC Chinook salmon--prelimi
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Table 7 identifies populations with
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The CV drainage as a whole is estim
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have greatly reduced or eliminated
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Portland Salem Figure 9. LCR Chinoo
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important life history type remains
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Table 9. UCR Chinook salmon - preli
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In the most recent five-year geomet
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Figure 11. Puget Sound Chinook dist
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Status and Trends Puget Sound Chino
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flow, temperature, sediment load, w
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San Francisco Figure 12. Sacramento
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of historic spawning areas. Additio
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Status and Trends SR fall-run Chino
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat f
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Portland Seattle Spokane Figure 14.
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and five-year old fish, after two t
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surface and ground water and degrad
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Life History UWR Chinook salmon exh
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Bay, California. Historically, chum
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quality in the freshwater, estuarin
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Life History Chum salmon return to
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catastrophic events. Overall, the p
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Figure 17. Hood Canal Summer-run Ch
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improvements in 2000, with upward t
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ground water and degrade water qual
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San Francisco Figure 18. CCC Coho s
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Information on the abundance and pr
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Table 16 identifies populations wit
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Life History Although run time vari
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programs. The three major river sys
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Data on population abundance and tr
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Figure 21. Oregon Coast Coho salmon
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Preliminary spawner survey data for
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channels, backwaters, terrace tribu
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Figure 22. Ozette Lake Sockeye salm
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the 1997 status review due to resam
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Seattle Portland Figure 23. SR Sock
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Adult returns to Redfish Lake durin
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esume migration in early spring to
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Central California Coast Steelhead
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Status and Trends The CCC steelhead
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San Francisco Figure 25. California
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and Jackson 1996; McEwan 2001). Ste
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Olympia Portland Salem Figure 26. L
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hatchery fish in naturally-spawning
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species includes the only populatio
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Life History Most MCR steelhead smo
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Critical Habitat Critical habitat w
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Eureka Figure 28. Northern Californ
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may affect steelhead migration patt
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Of the 21 populations in the Puget
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Seattle Spokane Figure 30. SR Basin
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and spawner estimates for the Tucan
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San Jose Figure 31. S-CCC steelhead
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Figure 32. Southern California stee
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extinction,” with the remaining 1
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Portland Figure 33. UCR Steelhead d
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“low” for the Wenatchee and Met
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Figure 34. UWR Steelhead distributi
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Molalla/Pudding, Yamhill, Tualatin,
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Natural Mortality Factors Available
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Marine Mammal Predation Marine mamm
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downstream of Bonneville Dam. Socke
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Oceanographic Features and Climatic
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coincides with relatively poor ocea
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from streams in watersheds with agr
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chemicals used has decreased (Table
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California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash
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to disease, decrease the ability of
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characterized by emergent aquatic p
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subregions and accounting units for
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Region USGS Subregion Central Calif
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Table 31. Area of Land Use Categori
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Table 33. Land uses and population
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(Table 34). See species ESU/DPS map
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undeveloped sites in the Santa Ana
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and grazing. Dams and water diversi
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Artificial Propagation Anadromous f
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water resources is handled by Calif
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containers at time of use. • Cond
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Table 36. Area of land use categori
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Columbia River Basin The most notab
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Ranching practices have led to incr
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17% of mainstem Yakima River sample
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detected in samples from all sites,
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Whitney 1979). Similarly, over one
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nation’s silver output has come f
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(USBR 1998 in (FCRPS 2008); providi
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The States of Oregon and Wasington
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Columbia River chum salmon are not
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including brown and brook trout, At
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density residential with some agric
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Although urban areas occupy only 2%
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Habitat Modification Much of the re
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Table 42. Pollutants of Concern in
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the 1950s. The vast majority of the
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pugettensis). An NPDES permit is re
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Habitat loss through wetland fills
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afted and moved to market or downst
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Oregon is in the process of develop
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Effects of the Proposed Action The
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Carbaryl dissipates in the environm
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high water solubility, low Kow, and
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Table 46. Environmental fate charac
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Species General Life History Descri
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Table 48. Examples of registered us
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Table 49. PRZM-EXAMS exposure estim
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estimate do not represent the highe
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BE provides a peak EEC of 5.5 μg/L
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alcoves, channel edge sloughs, over
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Carbaryl can also be applied at 8 l
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habitat had a downwind width of 10
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Depth of aquatic habitat (meters) B
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monitored in California, Idaho, Ore
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5.2 μg/L for carbofuran, 0.0150 -
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Summary information for carbaryl, c
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after flooding (Nicosia, Carr et al
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pesticide concentrations in the dis
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Page 333 and 334: Temperature and toxicity We found n
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Page 337 and 338: Summary of Toxicity Information Pre
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Page 341 and 342: Table 64. Assessment endpoint toxic
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Page 347 and 348: included a NOAEC of 9.8 μg/L and a
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Page 361 and 362: We located studies that measured ol
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Page 367 and 368: single pulse of chlorpyrifos was in
Page 369 and 370: Table 65. Study designs and results
Page 371: Chemical Taxa/species Assessment me
Page 375 and 376: Chemical Taxa/species carbofuran ca
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Page 379 and 380: Jardine, MacLatchy et al. 2005; Luo
Page 381 and 382: Risk Characterization In this secti
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 41. Methomyl exposure concen
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Page 391 and 392: Additionally, the macroinvertebrate
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Page 399 and 400: • Unrelated (0): Conclusive evide
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Page 405 and 406: Table 73. Predicted AChE inhibition
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Page 409 and 410: The second line of evidence is whet
Page 411 and 412: D. Impair swimming which leads to r
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Page 417 and 418: In a second modeling exercise, we t
Page 419 and 420: Carbaryl’s thresholds for the fou
Page 421 and 422: Table 75. Modeled output for Stream
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Table 77. Modeled output for Sockey
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The likelihood of scenarios 2 and 3
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The three insecticides are highly t
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A. B. C. Figure 43. Probability plo
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elatively low survival EC50 values
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dominated by agricultural or urban
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Figure 45. Percent change in lambda
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Table 80. Multiple application scen
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Because olfaction plays an importan
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expect co-occurrence of the three i
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support one or more lifestages. For
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We attempted to compare expected co
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Cumulative Effects Cumulative effec
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entry into freshwater systems. Carb
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Integration and Synthesis The Integ
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carbofuran applications could cause
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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also exposed to poor water quality
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Given the life history of LCR Chino
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Chinook salmon. Furthermore, there
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all three a.i.s are expected to be
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completing migration to the Pacific
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The major threats to this ESU ident
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Land use data indicate that the Col
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Central California Coast Coho Salmo
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Pesticide use and detections in LCR
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effects. In several streams, one or
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ESU is evergreen forest. Between 19
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miles where agricultural crops are
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The Status of Listed Resources and
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carbofuran application to potatoes,
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The major threats to this DPS ident
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lowland areas (below 1,000 ft eleva
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consequences and subsequent populat
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and surface waters within the heavi
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1994). Most juvenile steelhead spen
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salmon, Northern California steelhe
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natural cover such as submerged and
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The precise change in the conservat
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coho salmon, LCR coho salmon, South
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Table 81. Jeopardy and Non-Jeopardy
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Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives
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The RPA is comprised of six require
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Table 83. Mandatory pesticide no ap
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items will die from these exposures
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action will attain this level in th
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proposed action. Therefore, inciden
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1. Minimize the amount and extent o
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met within the next 15 years, then
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Arunachalam, S., K. Jeyalakshmi, et
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Bortleson, G. C. and J. C. Ebbert (
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CDFG (1995). "Letter dated 30 March
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Davies, P. E. and L. S. J. Cook (19
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FCRPS (2008). "Endangered Species A
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Haggerty, M. J., A. C. Ritchie, et
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IEPSPWT (1999). "Monitoring, assess
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government from 1896 to 1945." Repo
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Matthews, G. M. and R. S. Waples (1
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NMFS (2004). Five-year integrated p
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PSAT (2004). "State of the Sound 20
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Schroder, S. L. (1977). "Assessment
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Tufts, D. F. (1990). "Control of bu
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Williams, A. K. and C. R. Sova (196
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Introduction To assess the potentia
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ocean-type and stream-type Chinook
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incorporates empirical data when av
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given a percentile value of 50 (i.e
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species-appropriate growth period (
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For Figure 3C, an exposure pulse wo
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the n x n square matrix (A) by assi
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spawn (Pess et al. 2002). Survival
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distributed survival and reproducti
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Figure 1: Life-History Graphs and T
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Table 1. List of values used for co
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Table 4. Matrix transition element
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Figure 2. 555
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Figure 4. 557
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Brewer, S.K., Little, E.E., DeLonay
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Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levin
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Morgan, M.J., and Kiceniuk, J.W. 19
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Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Frenc
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Appendix 2. Species and Population
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Chinook Salmon (continued) ESU Popu
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Chum Salmon ESU Population λ - H=0
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Coho Salmon (continued) ESU Populat
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Steelhead (continued) DPS Populatio
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Appendix 3: Abbreviations 7-DADMax
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FQPA Food Quality Protection Act ft
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PPE Personal Protection Equipment P
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Appendix 4: Glossary 303(d) waters
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Salmon fall to head upriver to its
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Main channel The stream channel tha
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Smolt A juvenile salmon or steelhea
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WQS “A water quality standard def
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Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

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