Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Methomyl - National Marine Fisheries ...

mining, have resulted in a loss of floodplain connectivity and off-channel habitat
(PNERC 2002).
Habitat Restoration
Since 2000, land management practices included improving access by replacing culverts
and fish habitat restoration activities at Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)licensed
dams. Habitat restoration in the upper (reducing excess sediment loads) and
lower Grays River watersheds may benefit the Grays River chum salmon population as it
has a subyearling juvenile life history type and rears in such habitats. Short-term daily
flow fluctuations at Bonneville Dam sometimes create a barrier (i.e., entrapment on
shallow sand flats) for fry moving into the mainstem rearing and migration corridor.
Some chum fry have been stranded on shallow water flats on Pierce Island from daily
flow fluctuations. Coho salmon are likely to be affected by flow and sediment delivery
changes in the Columbia River plume. Steelhead may be affected by flow and sediment
delivery changes in the plume (Casillas 1999).
In 2006, NOAA Fisheries completed consultation on issuance of a 50-year incidental take
permit to the State of Washington for its Washington State Forest Practices Habitat
Conservation Plan (HCP). The HCP is expected to improve habitat conditions on state
forest lands within the action area. Improvements include removing barriers to
migration, restoring hydrologic processes, increasing the number of large trees in riparian
zones, improving stream bank integrity, and reducing fine sediment inputs (FCRPS
2008).
Mining
Most of the mining in the basin is focused on minerals such as phosphate, limestone,
dolomite, perlite, or metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc. Mining in the
region is conducted in a variety of methods and places within the basin. Alluvial or
glacial deposits are often mined for gold or aggregate. Ores are often excavated from the
hard bedrocks of the Idaho batholiths. Eleven percent of the nation’s output of gold has
come from mining operations in Washington, Montana, and Idaho. More than half of the
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