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the reader outward toward the original sources, but rather are focused on defining the eccentric interior world of Lavinia. By providing so many outside layers to her heroine's verse, Shvarts distances Lavinia, making her more specific and remote—separate from the reader, from Shvarts herself, and from any notion of a universal poet. By pointing to the centripetal nature of Shvarts's book, I am in no way arguing that the book of poems as a whole has shifted away from the centrifugal to the centripetal. However, it does seem possible that the balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces is no longer as important as it was to the poets of the first half of the twentieth century. Gippius and Khodasevich, inspired by the "diversity within unity" 269 of Blok's trilogy and other "classic" modernist cycles, tried to achieve this balance. Shvarts, no longer feels this need. Instead, she continues to push the limits of the lyric cycle—an incredibly diverse form, always difficult to define. In her "novel in verse, perhaps," she herself is unsure what she has created. The boundaries between the book of poems, the poema, and the novel in verse remain elusive. 270 269 See Ginzburg, O lirike, 244. 270 Another recent book which would be interesting to explore in this light is Aleksandr Kushner's Apollon v snegu: zametki na poliakh. In his introduction, he describes it as a new kind of prose whose protagonist is poetry. Throughout the book he intersperses literary essays and lyric poems. 203
Bibliography -------. Bibleiskaia Entsiklopediia. Moscow: TERRA, 1990. -------. The Oxford Study Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. -------. Russkie pisateli 1800-1917: biograficheskii slovar'. 4 vols. Moscow: Bol'shaia rossiiskaia entsiklopediia, 1989-99. Adamovich, Georgii. Odinochestvo i svoboda. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1955. Anpilov, Andrei. "Svetlo-iarostnaia tochka." Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie 35 (1999): 362-72. Berberova, Nina. Kursiv moi: avtobiografiia. Moscow: Soglasie, 2001. Bethea, David M. Khodasevich: His Life and Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. Blok, Aleksandr. Sobranie sochinenii v 8 tomakh. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1960-63. Bogomolov, N.A. “Zhizn’ i poeziia Vladislava Khodasevicha.” In Russkaia literatura pervoi treti XX veka, 81-131. Tomsk: Vodolei, 1999. ------- and N.V. Kotpelev. “K istorii pervogo sbornika stikhov Zinaidy Gippius.” Russkaia literatura 3 (1991): 121-32. Borowec, Christine. "Zinaida Gippius (Hippius)." In Russian Women Writers, edited by Christine D. Tomei, vol. I, 679-88. New York: Garland, 1999. -------. The Lyric Cycle in Early Russian Symbolism: Bal’mont and Brjusov. Dissertation, Harvard, 1991. Briusov, V.Ia. Sochineniia. 2 vols. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1987. Coogan, Michael D., ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Darvin, M.N. Tsiklizatsiia v lirike: Istoricheskie puti i khudozhestvennye formy. Doctoral dissertation. Kemerovo, 1995. -------. “K probleme tsikla v tipologicheskom izuchenii liriki.” In Tipologicheskii analiz literaturnogo proizvedeniia, edited by F.Z. Kanunova, B.O. Korman et al., 30-35. Kemerovo, 1982. -------. “Ontologiskii status proizvedeniia liriki v aspekte ego khudozhestvennoi tsiklizatsii.” In Zyklusdichtung in den slavischen Literaturen. Beitrage zur 204
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THE BOOK OF POEMS IN TWENTIETH-CENT
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© Copyright by Sarah Clovis Bishop
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In my conclusion, I pose the questi
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Acknowledgements When I arrived at
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Symbolist movement that Russian poe
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из ордена обрезани
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Other critics who have discussed th
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кончилась. Она длил
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movement, he did manage to "breathe
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personal elements, of course, remai
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Khodasevich’s lyric persona is no
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The final gifts of your earthly car
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description of Moscow on the eighth
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ноября," but the historical c
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Open to all, having exhausted all t
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символизм, ставший
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Unfortunately, with the failure of
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Still seething, runs out of a water
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however, it still retains vibrant s
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to show his growth from an unseeing
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Rachel weeping for her children and
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idylls (Слава Богу, зде
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"pseudonym" A. Beklemishev. 63 With
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Весь день по небу, н
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Плотные спусти, Тем
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heart. His frenzied tone and hatred
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"Вариация" In the 1921 edit
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An unclear noise rumbled, like the
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This sense of cyclical entrapment i
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description is largely colored by n
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this shines an evening star, a "gui
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Silently I walk up And help her, an
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Молодость. At the time of
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The newspaper hawker’s indifferen
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could have supported a life cruelly
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group. They address a point in the
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How many times have flown to you In
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Сладко после дождя
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Не плеснется рыбиц
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Within the context of Путем з
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Your hand grows stiff on the wheel,
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O, steel, passionless bird, How can
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There's a stick in his hands, he's
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traveled by his ancestors. Similarl
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Chapter Two: Zinaida Gippius's Radi
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“the given time,” that is at th
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This "summational" quality of Си
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adiance—and the fall to reality o
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As yet the addressee has not been d
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livre, au lieu de la »Vie«—»L'
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suggests the reciprocity of the rel
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her unknown, unworthy self. 117 Spi
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lows of her spiritual journey in С
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помнит,/Что эта ноч
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she is more concerned with her own
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pronouns она and ты. She can,
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This emphasis on the future is also
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tender" treatment ironically echoes
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This enslaved "creature" of both "
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................ Give back to me th
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does now, in exile, but it is seemi
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in "За что?," can now release
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Through their links to the past and
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Безвременность и Ч
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The phrase "trembling eternity" per
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oth "В черту" and "Час п
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Do you want to look into your neigh
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state of "равнодушие"—a
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в желтой волне тума
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Скажу, что рая не пр
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This stanza echoes "Сложнос
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Gippius employs two "sacred" texts
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But there is only malevolence. Guis
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Chapter Three: Elena Shvarts's Work
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приключается. Пово
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circumcision of the heart. This com
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Плещет, пляшет и ст
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central one being the metaphor of L
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граничить Россия с
Page 159 and 160: an attempt to attain spiritual enli
Page 161 and 162: forgetting will figure repeatedly i
Page 163 and 164: Где служат вместе л
Page 165 and 166: and, most importantly, the repetiti
Page 167 and 168: И луна лежит на алт
Page 169 and 170: Formally, the poem is quite distinc
Page 171 and 172: В буреющий снег пол
Page 173 and 174: В метро, в постели и
Page 175 and 176: Despite this seemingly straightforw
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Page 179 and 180: Во тьме горящей без
Page 181 and 182: the ability to show compassion for
Page 183 and 184: And spitting out the skin of sinner
Page 185 and 186: This time, however, he takes the fo
Page 187 and 188: no more suffering. 239 In the culmi
Page 189 and 190: The poem also links Christianity an
Page 191 and 192: O God, I have been serving You For
Page 193 and 194: tenth, "Уроки Аббатисс
Page 195 and 196: том, что не совсем я
Page 197 and 198: And there still more, and more… 2
Page 199 and 200: that it will drive her mad. While t
Page 201 and 202: Along the clipped lawn toward the h
Page 203 and 204: Он мне сказал: "Коль
Page 205 and 206: Conclusion While written in distinc
Page 207 and 208: centripetal types toward more centr
Page 209: While the "endless cycle" of despai
Page 213 and 214: -------. Pis'ma k Berberovoi i Khod
Page 215 and 216: Merezhkovskii, Dmitrii. Malenkaia T
Page 217 and 218: -------. Trudy i dni Lavinii, Monak
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