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FROM DESERT ONE TO POINT SALINES through Phase III objectives had been met. Phase IV, which included the establishment of a civilian government in Grenada, would continue throughout the remainder of the year. Lessons Learned Operation Urgent Fury was a success, having attained its military objectives during the period from 25 October to 2 November. For special operations and the entire military community, how - ever, weaknesses in command and control were highlighted. CJTF-120 was made up of four sepa - rate task forces, and these task forces were not colocated and could not readily communicate among each other nor with CJTF-120. Airlift and tanker forces were not OPCON to the CJTF but rather responded to tasking through JCS. Each TF had aircraft committed to it, but no single air manager was designated. The CJTF arrangement resulted in piecemeal control of forces and uncertainties as to specific areas of responsibility. From an Air Force perspective, the constant flux in force composition caused significant difficulties for air planners in determining requirements and assessing employment capabilities and options. Operation Urgent Fury also did not use an existing plan as the basis of the operation. If it had used an existing plan, it might have avoided some of the confusion. A contingency plan was in existence, which covered the type of operation faced in Grenada, and it had been practiced in joint exercises before Operation Urgent Fury. The decision was made not to use the plan, which effectively meant that the operation started from a no-plan status. Command difficulties also were experienced on the ground, with General Schwarzkopf acting in an advisory role during the first two days of the operation. He eventually was designated as Vice Admiral Metcalf’s deputy commander, which cleared up some confusion in the chain of command. The short notice of the operation did not allow Combat Talon sufficient time to plan and “what if” the plan before execution. Because of the need to react quickly and decisively to the threat, a rehearsal of the airfield seizure operation was not possible. Had a rehearsal been conducted, weaknesses in the plan (i.e., an abort en route or systems failure that precluded planned drop sequencing) could have been more thoroughly addressed and provisions made for rapid adjustments. There were also not enough Combat Talons to perform the mission. Only five aircraft were available at Hurlburt Field from the 8th SOS, and all five were committed to the Point Salines airfield assault. A sixth Combat Talon was hastily deployed from Europe to serve as a spare for the mission. Additional SOLL II C-130s were used in combination with the Talons so that adequate numbers of special operations forces could be infiltrated on to the airfield. In all, five Combat Talons and seven SOLL II C-130s transported rangers into Point Salines. Had there been sufficient numbers of Talons to support the mission, there would not have been a requirement for SOLL II augmentation. As had been the case three years earlier at Desert One, the weather played a major part in the success of the assault. Postmission analysis pointed to the fact that the ability to forecast accurate weather information was critical to mission success. The weaknesses in executing a joint operation did not go unnoticed by Congress. Within three years, in the Goldwater–Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Congress created the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), which was tasked to organize and train a special operations force made up of soldiers, airmen, and sailors from the three services. USSOCOM would trace its roots back to the OSS of World War II, and Combat Talon would become a key player in the new command. Notes 1. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1980, USAF HRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala., supporting document 11, 5. 2. Ibid ., 3 . 3. Ibid., iv. 4. Ibid., 8. 5. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 October–31 December 1980, 18. 6. History, 8th Special Operations Squadron, 1 October–31 December 1980, 16th Special Operations Wing historian file, Hurlburt Field, Fla. 7. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1981, 1–2. 8. History, 8th Special Operations Squadron, 1 January– 31 March 1981. 9. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1981, 13, 21. 10. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 April–30 June 1981, 16th Special Operations Wing historian file, Hurlburt Field, Fla., vol. 1, II-37 to II-39. 11. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1981, Combat Talon Archive, HQ AFSOC/HO, Hurlburt Field, Fla., supporting document 4, D4-3 to D4-5. 12. Ibid., 11. 13. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 July–30 September 1981, 11. 287
PRAETORIAN STARSHIP 14. Ibid., supporting document D1, D1-1. 15. Ibid., 11. 16. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 October– 31 December 1981, 7. 17. Ibid., 11. 18. Ibid., 11–12. 19. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 January– 31 March 1982, supporting document D2, 3. 20. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 October– 31 December 1981, USAF HRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala., 4. 21. Ibid., 9. 22. Ibid., 10. 23. Ibid. 24. History, 8th Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1981. 25. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 April–30 June 1981, vol. 3, 700–701. 26. History, 8th Special Operations Squadron, 1 January– 31 March 1981. 27. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 July–30 September 1981, vol. 3, 444. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid., 447. 30. Ibid., vol. 1, II-37. 31. Ibid., 51–52. 32. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 October–31 December 1981, vol. 1, II-43. 33. Ibid., II-29. 34. Ibid., II-38. 35. Ibid., II-57, II-58, II-60. 36. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 July–30 September 1981, vol. 3, 638. 37. Ibid., vol. 1, II-66 to II-67. 38. Ibid., II-67. 39. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 October–31 December 1981, vol. 1, II-48. 40. Ibid., II-49. 41. Ibid., II-51. 42. Ibid., II-55. 43. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1982, supporting document D1. 44. Ibid., supporting document D2. 45. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 January–31 March 1982, vol. 1, II-54 to II-55. 46. Ibid., II-59 to II-63. 47. Ibid., II-37. 48. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 April–30 June 1982, II-40 to II-43. 49. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1982, 10. 50. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 October– 31 December 1982, supporting document D2, 2. 51. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 October 1982–28 February 1983, II-39 to II-40. 52. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 April–30 June 1982, II-51. 53. Ibid., II-49. 54. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 April–30 June 1982, 9. 55. Ibid., 2, 6, 9. 56. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 April–30 June 1982, vol. 3, 880. 57. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 October– 31 December 1982, supporting document 8. 58. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 January–31 March 1982, vol. 3, 476. 59. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 October 1982–28 February 1983, 747. 60. Ibid., 773. 61. History, 7th Special Operations Squadron, 1 October– 31 December 1982, 11. 62. Ibid. 63. History, 2d Air Division, 1 March–30 June 1983, USAF HRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala., vol. 2, II-140 to II-141. 64. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 March–30 June 1982, supporting document D1, D1-2. 65. History, 2d Air Division, 1 March–30 June 1983, II- 143–44. 66. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 October 1982–28 February 1983, vol. 3, II-44 to II-45. 67. Ibid., II-82 to II-84. 68. History, 2d Air Division, 1 March–30 June 1983, vol. 3, 2. 69. Ibid., 3. 70. History, 1st Special Operations Wing, 1 March–30 June 1983, vol. 3, 1963. 71. History, 2d Air Division, 1 July–31 December 1983, vol. 1, III-214. 72. Ibid., III-234. 73. Ibid., III-241. 74. Ibid., III-262. 75. Ibid., III-221 to III-222. 76. Ibid., III-270. 77. “Grenada: Special Report,” Airman Magazine, February 1984, USAF HRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala., 1964. 78. History, 2d Air Division, 1 July–31 December 1983, vol. 2, 9. 79. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 July–31 December 1983, 10. 80. Ibid., supporting document D1. 81. “Now To Make It Work,” Time, 14 November 1983, USAF HRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala., II-36. 82. History, 2d Air Division, 1 July–31 December 1983, vol. 2, 9–10. 83. “Now To Make It Work.” 84. History, 2d Air Division, 1 July–31 December 1983, vol. 2, 9. 85. Ibid. 86. History, 1st Special Operations Squadron, 1 July–31 December 1983, supporting document D2. 87. Ibid., iv. 88. Ibid., supporting document D3, 1–4. 89. History, 2d Air Division, 1 July–31 December 1983, vol. 2, 7. 90. Ronald H. Cole, Operation Urgent Fury: The Planning and Execution of Joint Operations in Grenada, 12 October–2 November, 1983 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1997), copy located in Combat Talon Archive, HQ AFSOC/HO, Hurlburt Field, Fla., 9. 91. “A Strange Peace After A Strange War,” U.S. News and World Report, 28 November 1983, USAF HRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala., 35. 92. Cole, 10. 93. “A Crisis in the Caribbean,” Newsweek, 31 October 1983, 21. 94. Ibid. 95. “Now To Make It Work,” 21. 96. “A Crisis in the Caribbean,” 21. 97. Cole, 11. 98. “Spice Island Power Play,” Time, 31 October 1983, 78. 99. Cole, 14. 100. Ibid., 12–13. 288
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i\1 -■-'^^.■■--y^lEil^peD
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The Praetorian STARShip The Untold
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This book is dedicated to all Speci
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Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER .
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Figure Page 13 Template Shift Due t
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Page Col Don Britton, First Command
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Page Aircraft 74-1683 Crashes onto
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Foreword As a young lieutenant flyi
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About the Author USAF Photo Col Jer
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The third factor driving approval o
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A Word from the Commander We in Air
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was changed forever. The US Army Wa
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Introduction Welcome to the world o
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system, the following three chapter
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move was partially driven by the Ai
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Chapter 1 Establishment of Combat T
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON coloc
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON Two d
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON immed
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON Life
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON condu
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON Precu
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON were
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ESTABLISHMENT OF COMBAT TALON SOG h
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Chapter 2 The Combat Talon Weapons
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although the early Fulton modificat
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM tri
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM Lt
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM as
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM mis
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM F^C
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM The
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM ./
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■ ■-:'■-:;■ ■■..kFTn \
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equipment malfunctioned, the more t
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM top
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM it
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM TEP
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM CRu
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Yank aircraft operating in the Paci
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM Fig
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM ly
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TYPICAl TANKER ORBIT PATTERN THE CO
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THE COMBAT TALON WEAPONS SYSTEM Not
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Once the Stray
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP 1968: The Estab
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP ridgeline. John
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP that it was a t
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP terrain followi
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP to intercept th
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP assigned to the
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP making multiple
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Chapter 4 Combat Spear (The Vietnam
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COMBAT SPEAR quarters and were prov
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COMBAT SPEAR f -fpadc khi ai b6 phr
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COMBAT SPEAR The study cited the fo
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COMBAT SPEAR rn nilMirif Piti.r,,!
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COMBAT SPEAR proper crew rest could
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COMBAT SPEAR proper people. Moreove
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COMBAT SPEAR we never intended to e
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COMBAT SPEAR Christmas spirit and j
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COMBAT SPEAR ■ IBDCITI |«'4llH^
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COMBAT SPEAR with good radar target
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COMBAT SPEAR two loadmasters, and t
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COMBAT SPEAR was given up. The crew
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COMBAT SPEAR killed, and 187 were w
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COMBAT SPEAR volunteers shortly aft
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COMBAT SPEAR were provided to SOG b
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COMBAT SPEAR early as January 1970.
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COMBAT SPEAR r esources resulted. A
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COMBAT SPEAR live surface-to-air pi
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served as the squadron’s administ
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COMBAT SPEAR Korean government. 139
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COMBAT SPEAR marked the beginning o
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COMBAT SPEAR 76. History, 14th Spec
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Sembach AB to R
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Combat Talon de
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP June also saw t
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP prisoners of wa
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP and presenting
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP 1973: Combat Ta
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP experienced wit
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Chapter 6 The Son Tay Prisoner of W
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID On
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID cr
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID Tr
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID al
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID th
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID RT
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID se
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID ob
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THE SON TAY PRISONER OF WAR RAID se
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Chapter 7 Between the Wars (1975-79
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BETWEEN THE WARS Tentatively, the p
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BETWEEN THE WARS be undertaken in M
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BETWEEN THE WARS was established as
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BETWEEN THE WARS From 28 March to 1
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BETWEEN THE WARS The 7575th OG exer
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BETWEEN THE WARS The last half of t
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BETWEEN THE WARS during 1978 the sq
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BETWEEN THE WARS Italy for the firs
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BETWEEN THE WARS SOW CCT member lin
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Chapter 8 The Iranian Rescue Missio
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION shah had
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION were oth
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The 1st SOW maintained the four gun
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION Crew 1 C
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION large ru
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION helicopt
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION or barra
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION Since th
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executing the mission. Kyle had jus
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION addition
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION where he
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION the resc
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equired eight and one-half hours of
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The prototype Benson tank was opera
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NVG landings. Because of the short
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION the 1st
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION of the C
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION transmis
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION Photo co
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION Photo co
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION Fleming
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION had land
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION outside
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION ^f5
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION vertical
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION a decisi
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THE IRANIAN RESCUE MISSION Notes 1.
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Chapter 9 Project Honey Badger and
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Page 278 and 279: Chapter 10 From Desert One to Point
Page 280 and 281: Talon community. 8 The IFR modifica
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Page 298 and 299: plan, Colonel Hudspeth arrived in t
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Page 304 and 305: for five Combat Talons, Hobson and
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Page 312 and 313: il-u Grenada Firlih Hunlfe^ Fiuil
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Page 318 and 319: PRAETORIAN STARSHIP five-light syst
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Cope Thunder Wi
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP the first night
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Within days of
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP SOW forces lean
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP was “not bad.
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP --7^*—1^, ■
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP USAF Photo Crew
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP ready for testi
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP start of the ai
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Orrell had depl
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP 16 January the
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP Saudi Arabia. H
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PRAETORIAN STARSHIP experts destroy
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Chapter 14 Mount Pinatubo to Operat
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MOUNT PINATUBO TO OPERATION JOINT E
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major eruption occurred. Seismograp
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headquarters. For AFSOC McPeak’s
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culmination of years of hard work b
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flew a SOCEUR assessment team into
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Early in the spring of 1993, all th
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Chapter 15 Operation Assured Respon
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OPERATION ASSURED RESPONSE TO THE N
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fuel available at the new location
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Epilogue 2000 and Beyond: A Combat
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surface will be covered by layers o
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Live Fulton STARS Made by Combat Ta
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Person Date Location Recovery Pilot
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Partial Summary of Upgrades, MOD-90
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—X Band Receiver/Transmitter: On
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Glossary AAA AAF ABCCC ABW ACS AD A
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CTJTF CTMR CTW CV DCS DCSO DIA DMZ
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MATS MC MCAS MCM MEU MFF MFP MIA MO
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SKE SLOG SMM SOAR SOCCENT SOCCT SOC
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Index Aircraft B-17: 2-4, 15, 17, 2
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Far East Command (FECOM): 5-8 Fulto
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