Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in livestock 119where they were housed are thoroughly cleaned and rested before repopulation.In the EU, governments compensate owners of depopulated flocks for their economiclosses. While Salmonella eradication efforts began with the flocks at the top ofthe production pyramid, they have now worked their way down to the commerciallevel in many countries. This “test and slaughter” approach appears to have beenvery effective in the control of Enteriditis serovars in poultry and suggests thatvertical (within egg or trans-ovarian) rather than horizontal (feed and/orenvironmental) transmission plays a key role in maintaining the infection in poultry.In Denmark, vaccines, competitive exclusion and antibiotics have not been part ofthe Salmonella control programme. They have reported a decline of Salmonellainfectedbroiler flocks from >70% in 1989 to 300 per 100,000) (ESFA 2006). The European FoodSafety Authority has recently set Salmonella reduction targets for flocks of laying hens at