Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Transport of livestock-derived pathogens within catchments 201basis for isolating the effects of different processes and controlling factors, but needto be used with care when scaling up to field and catchment situations. Someinvestigators (Miller, Lewis et al. 2007, Miller, Lewis et al. 2008), for example,note that there is a greater chance of channelized flow-reducing attenuationthrough an actual vegetated buffer strip (VBS) than through a plot- orlaboratory-scale VBS.6.4 OUTLINE OF PRESENT DATABASEThe present CREH database (which will be available in due course at http://www.ies.aber.ac.uk/en/research/groups/centre-research-environment-and-health)focuses on those BMPs (as identified in Table 6.1) for which microbial attenuationhas been quantified, and includes data for the full range of microbial parametersreported in the various studies. Representative data on the influent and effluentconcentrations of FIOs or pathogens, and attenuation rates (flux-based wherepossible) are presented in Table 6.2. In each case data have been reported for asingle parameter: EC or FC where possible, since these are the most commonlyreported parameters, or an alternative FIO/pathogen parameter if neither wasmeasured.Attenuation through an individual scheme (e.g. a CW) is conventionallyexpressed as either a reduction in flux (i.e. number per unit time) orconcentration of organisms. Flux data provide the best measure since they takeinto account any reductions in water flow, for example, reductions in surfaceflow through a system as a result of soil infiltration (Collins 2004, Roodsari,Shelton et al. 2005) and/or evaporation/evapotranspiration. Summary statisticsfor the attenuation data are presented in Figure. 6.2. These need to be interpretedwith some degree of caution since they include cases where the number ofindependent data sets and/or data values is very small (n < 10), attenuation datafor all the individual FIOs and pathogens reported (not just the parameters listedin Table 6.2), rates of attenuation in either microbial flux or concentration (withthe former being used where data permit), data with different levels ofaggregation, and all data irrespective of the study type (empirical field- orplot-based and modelling-based) or of conditions at the time of sampling (e.g.flow or season). Nonetheless, they provide a preliminary basis for assessing therelative effectiveness of the different measures. For consistency, all microbialconcentrations in the text are reported to two significant figures using thescientific notation and attenuation rates are expressed as log 10 reductions: log 10attenuations of 1.0 and 3.0 correspond with percentage reductions of 90.0 and99.9%, respectively.
202Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthTable 6.2 Summary data on influent and effluent concentrations of faecal indicator organisms or pathogens and attenuation ratesfor selected BMPs. a Influent conc: Effluent conc: Attenuation:Reference Study description[parameters measured] b Parameter b Units Stat c n d Mean n d Mean Actual % log 10 f/c eA. PondsFarm waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs): standard two-pond (anaerobic(AP)/facultative(FP)) system(Craggs, Tanner et al.2003)(Craggs, Tanner et al.2003)New Zealand, dairy farmeffluent: summary ofpublished data from 4 areasbased on 4 sources: Hickeyet al. 1989; Bolan et al.1996; Mason & Ellwood1996; Selvarajah 1996 [FC]New Zealand, dairy farm effluenton single farm: paired studywith advanced pond system(APS) (see below) [EC]FC MPN/100 md 70000mlEC MPN/100 md 24 16195ml
Page 1 and 2:
Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
Page 3 and 4:
World Health Organization and IWA P
Page 5 and 6:
Published on behalf of the World He
Page 7 and 8:
viAnimal Waste, Water Quality and H
Page 9 and 10:
viiiAnimal Waste, Water Quality and
Page 11 and 12:
xAnimal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
Page 13 and 14:
2Animal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
10Animal Waste, Water Quality and H
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 84 and 85:
3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
Page 86 and 87:
Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
the cause of a variety of food- and
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
Page 128 and 129:
Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in li
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
controlling E. coli-associated diar
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163: Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in li
Page 168 and 169: 5Transport of microbial pollution i
Page 170 and 171: Transport of microbial pollution in
Page 204: Transport of microbial pollution in
Page 207 and 208: 196Animal Waste, Water Quality and
Page 211: 200Animal Waste, Water Quality and
Page 263 and 264:
252Animal Waste, Water Quality and
Page 265 and 266:
Page 268 and 269:
7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
Page 270 and 271:
Exposure 259main components influen
Page 272 and 273:
Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
Page 274 and 275:
Exposure 263contact activities, the
Page 276 and 277:
Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
Page 278 and 279:
Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
Page 280 and 281:
Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
Page 282 and 283:
Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
Page 284 and 285:
Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
Page 286 and 287:
are severely underreported. As with
Page 288 and 289:
Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
Page 290 and 291:
Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
Page 292:
Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 472 and 473:
IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
Page 474 and 475:
Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
Page 476 and 477:
Index 465Critical control points, 1
Page 478 and 479:
Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
Page 480 and 481:
Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
Page 482 and 483:
Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
Page 484 and 485:
Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
Page 486 and 487:
Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
show all

Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?