Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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only by specific waterborne zoonotic pathogens. It has however proved to beeffective in the foods area where it has been used to evaluate risk associated withmeat and fish products. The true value of the model for estimating risks torecreationists posed by waterborne zoonotic pathogens, however, will be knownonly after it has been evaluated under actual conditions in the field.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSComparative risk analysis 391Jeff Soller and Nigel French provided useful information on animal studies. Thefirst author thanks the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science andTechnology for the research grant C01X0307: “Effects-based management ofaquatic ecosystems”. Desmond Till and Dr Andrew Ball reviewed the manuscript.
392Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthAPPENDIX: BASIS OF VALUES PRESENTEDIN TABLE 10.1This appendix provides an explanation and reference to published literature for valuespresented in Table A10.1, which describes characteristics of the selected microbialhazards relevant to the risk they pose to people exposed to recreational waterscontaminated by them.ID 50 VALUESID 50 values are taken from best-estimate dose-response relationships as reported in theliterature. No explicit account is taken of uncertainty, though that is often desirable inparticular quantitative risk assessments (Teunis 2009).CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISThe two parameters for the beta-Poisson dose-response curve were derived by Medemaet al. (1996), using data for healthy urban adult volunteers reported by Black et al.(1988). This curve, for probability of infection given an average dose, is givengenerally by Pr infection =1–(1 + d/β) −α , where d is the average dose given to eachgroup of volunteers, α is a shape parameter and β is a scale parameter. Theyobtained the parameter values as α = 0.145, β = 7.589, from which ID 50 (forinfection) = β(2 1/α –1) ≈ 897 (see also Teunis & Havelaar 2000). Teunis et al. (2005)later analysed campylobacteriosis rates among two sets of children at school camps,which indicated an ID 50 (for illness) < 10. In other words, even in developedcountries children exhibit markedly higher rates of campylobacteriosis than is thecase for adults (see also Rao et al. 2001).E. COLI O157:H7 INFECTIONTeunis et al. (2008) analysed several outbreaks for illness using the two-parameterbeta-Poisson dose-response model and obtained prediction parameters for theheterogeneous case (α = 0.248, β = 48.80), which results in ID 50 (for illness) ≈ 750.SALMONELLOSISHaas et al. (1999) analysed infectivity of Salmonella (non-typhoid strains) in humanvolunteers in studies reported by McCullough and Eisele (1951a&b), obtaining ID 50= 23,600. A more recent study (Bollaerts et al. 2008) has analysed a larger set ofdata which generally suggests lower ID 50 values, particularly for the “susceptible”component of a population (see also Blaser & Newman 1982 and Rose & Gerba 1991).
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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