Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Economic evaluation 441Table 12.1 Recreational water quality valuation studies and benefit estimates (UK£ 2006).Study Approach Location Stressor Quality change Value per visit Value/yearBarton (1998) Costa Rica Sewage, FC To swimmable – 101.34–121.6010% improvement 0.52 10.47Bockstael et al.(1987)Bocksteal et al.(1987)Bocksteal et al.(1989)Brouwer &Bronda(2004)Day et al.(2001)Choe et al.(1996)Feenberg &Mills (1980)Georgiou et al.RUM/TCM Boston, USA Oil, faecalcoliforms, CODRUM/TCM Boston, USA Turbidity, FC,CODCVM ChesapeakeBay, USA– Unacceptable toacceptableCVM Netherlands Sewage, FC Revised EUReduction inillness risk level from10/100 to 5/100swimmersCVM Ayr and Irvine,Scotland30% 1.37 33.10Sewage Current EU Mandatory –AyrCurrent EUMandatory – Irvine– 134.27– 24.44– 10.43–13.735.98–8.62CVM Philippines Sewage To swimmable – 10.13–20.27RUM/TCM Boston, USA Oil, total bacteria,colour10% improvement – 3.91(1998) 1 AchieveCurrent EUCVM East Anglia, UK Current EU Mandatory –Mandatory – Maintain– 16.2018.35(Continued)
442Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthTable 12.1 (Continued).Study Approach Location Stressor Quality change Value per visit Value/yearGeorgiou et al. CVM East Anglia, UK Sewage Current EU Mandatory →(2000) 1 Revised EUHanley, Bell &Alvarez(2003)CVM South-WestScotlandLe Goffe (1995) CVM France Eutrophication,sewageMachado &Mourato(1999)Mourato et al.(2003)McConnel &Ducci (1989)Mantymaa(1999)McConnel &Ducci (1989)Niklittschek &Leon (1996)– 35.14Sewage Current EU Mandatory 0.55 9.03To swimmable/shellfishableCVM/CR Lisbon, Portugal Sewage, FC, FS Current EUmandatoryCurrent EUguidelineCE UnitedKingdomSewage, FS Revised EUGI Illness risklevel ↓ by 1/100swimmersAdvisoryNote System (DuringPoor WQ Events)– 36.908.1514.05 40.90104.19–– 1.226.21CVM Barbados Sewage – – 11.82–159.88CVM Finland Sewage, nutrients From swimmable todrinkable– 33.78CVM Uruguay Sewage To swimmable level – 15.63CVM Chile Sewage To swimmable – 89.51
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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viAnimal Waste, Water Quality and H
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viiiAnimal Waste, Water Quality and
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xAnimal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
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2Animal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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Page 472 and 473: IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
Page 474 and 475: Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
Page 476 and 477: Index 465Critical control points, 1
Page 478 and 479: Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
Page 480 and 481: Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
Page 482 and 483: Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
Page 484 and 485: Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
Page 486 and 487: Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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