Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Transport of microbial pollution in catchment systems 165Table 5.3Mean prevalence of Giardia cysts in animal faeces.Ranking Animal Age n* Mean prevalence Median prevalence1 Cats adult 1 0.8 0.82 Muskrat adult 2 0.632 0.63153 Sheep juvenile 1 0.57 0.574 Cattle juvenile 3 0.467 0.315 Beavers adult 2 0.269 0.2696 Ducks adult 1 0.24 0.247 Sheep adult 2 0.149 0.1498 Bison adult 1 0.146 0.1469 Cattle adult 8 0.132 0.10510 Horses adult 2 0.125 0.12511 Dogs adult 2 0.102 0.10212 Pigs adult 6 0.09 0.07813 Elk adult 2 0.079 0.07914 Coyotes adult 1 0.05 0.0515 Pigs juvenile 3 0.041 0.03316 Deer juvenile 1 0.029 0.02917 Deer adult 2 0.006 0.00618 Moose adult 1 0.006 0.00619 Fox adult 1 0 020 Geese adult 1 0 0*Number of published studies (not the number of samples analysed).Figure 5.6 Mean prevalence of Giardia cysts by animal species.
166Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthFigure 5.7 Mean prevalence of Giardia cysts in cattle faeces by region.The mean concentration of Giardia cysts in animal faeces is shown in Table 5.4.The highest mean concentration of Giardia cysts excreted per gram of animalfaeces was for muskrats (mean = 9574, n = 1), bison (mean = 2649, n = 1),beavers (mean = 1654, n = 1) and coyotes (mean = 1577, n = 1), respectively.The most numerous studies on Giardia cyst prevalence in animal faeces havebeen carried out on domestic livestock animals: cattle and pigs. The studies oncattle faeces were pooled for adult and juvenile animals to facilitate comparison ofgeographical regions (Figure 5.6). Unfortunately the majority of studies werecarried out in North America (n = 10) where Giardia prevalence was frequentlyin the range of 0% to 40%, with only one study reporting prevalence greaterthan 70%. Two studies were performed outside North America: one in Europerecorded a prevalence rate of 3.6% in adult cattle and one in Australasia recordeda prevalence rate of 89% in juvenile cattle. The paucity of data makes comparisonof regions difficult for prevalence rates of Giardia even in domestic livestockanimals.The lack of quantitative data on pathogen prevalence and concentrations inanimal faeces makes it difficult to gauge the relative risks of various animalspecies that can inhabit drinking-water catchments. Farm management practicescan reduce the impact of animal faecal source loadings if they are directed atfactors that control the level of microbial risk. The lack of quantitative data
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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