Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in livestock 143strategies targeted at specific-pathogen reductions; however, there are manypromising research avenues being currently pursued. General biosecurity andgood hygienic practices would be expected to reduce pathogen loads; however,there is limited information on the effectiveness of individual or packages ofmeasures against waterborne pathogens and even less on theircost-effectiveness. In developing countries, the pathogen load is probably muchhigher in animals; at the same time the awareness of the problem andinvestments in mitigation are much lower. The dichotomy between zoonosescontrol in the developed and developing world is widely acknowledged to be adisaster waiting to happen and recent years have seen expanding and convergingprogrammes on zoonoses control at national, regional and global levels. Thischapter has reviewed the current status of waterborne zoonoses control at thefarm level: future scanning would suggest that technology advances,demographic and societal change, and climate change may have majorrepercussions on farm-based strategies used to control zoonotic pathogens.REFERENCESAdams, L. G. and Templeton, J. W. (1998). Genetic resistance to bacterial diseases ofanimals. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot., 17, 200–219.Aguilar-Setien, A., Leon, Y. C., Tesoro, E. C., Kretschmer, R., Brochier, B. and Pastoret,P. P. (2002). Caccination of vampire bats using recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus.J. Wildl. Dis., 38(3), 539–544.Alt, D. P., Zuerner, R. L. and Bolin, C. A. (2001). Evaluation of antibodies for treatment ofcattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,219(5), 636–639.Atwill, E. R., Johnson, E., das Graças, C. and Pereira, M. (1999). Association of herdcomposition, stocking rate, and calving duration with fecal shedding ofCryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 215,1833–1838.Auld, H., MacIver, D. and Klaassen, J. (2004). Heavy rainfall and waterborne diseaseoutbreaks: the walkerton example. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A., 67, 1879–1887.Barber, M. R. and Fayer-Hoskan, R. A. (2000). Possible mechanisms of mammalianimmunocontraception. J. Reprod. Immunol., 46, 103–124.Anon, (2007). Reforming the food safety system: what if consolidation isn’t enough? Harv.Law. Rev., 120, 1345–1366.Argyle, D. J. (2005). The benefits of comparative medicine – a hundred years to come to oursenses. Vet. J., 70, 147–148.Babiuk, S., Asper, D. J., Rogan, D., Mutwiri, G. K. and Potter, A. A. (2008). Subcutaneousand intranasal immunization with type III secreted proteins can prevent colonizationand shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microb. Pathog., 45(1), 7–11.
144Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthBabu, U. S. and Raybourne, R. B. (2008). Impact of dietary components on chicken immunesystem and Salmonella infection. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther., 6, 121–135.Barrow, P. A. (2007). Salmonella infections: immune and nonimmune protection withvaccines. Avian Pathol., 36, 1–13.Bell, B. P., Goldoft, M., Griffin, P. M., Davis, M. A., Gordon, D. C., Tarr, P. I., Bartleson, C.A., Lewis, J. H., Barrett, T. J. and Wells, J. G. (1994). A multistate outbreak ofEscherichia coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremicsyndrome from hamburgers. The Washington experience. JAMA, 272, 1349–1353.Berrang, M. E., Cox, N. A., Frank, J. F., Buhr, R. J. and Bailey, J. S. (2000). Hatching eggsanitization for prevention or reduction of human enteropathogens: A review. J. Appl.Poult. Res., 9, 279–284.Bhunia, R., Hutin, Y., Ramakrishnan, R., Pal, N., Sen, T. and Murhekar, M. (2009). Atyphoid fever outbreak in a slum of South Dumdum municipality, West Bengal,India, 2007: evidence for foodborne and waterborne transmission. BMC PublicHealth, 27, 9–115.Bolin, C. A. and Alt, D. P. (2001). Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renalcolonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpeterseniiserovar hardjo. Am. J. Vet. Res., 62(7), 995–1000.Braden, C. R. (2006). Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis and eggs: a national epidemicin the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis., 43(4), 512–517.Bull, S. A., Allen, V. M., Domingue, G., Jørgensen, F., Frost, J. A., Ure, R., Whyte, R.,Tinker, D., Corry, J. E., Gillard-King, J. and Humphrey, T. J. (2006). Sources ofCampylobacter spp. colonizing housed broiler flocks during rearing. Appl. Environ.Microbiol., 72, 645–652.Byrd, J. A., Anderson, R. C., Callaway, T. R., Moore, R. W., Knape, K. D., Kubena, L. F.,Ziprin, R. L. and Nisbet, D. J. (2003). Effect of experimental chlorate productadministration in the drinking water on Salmonella typhimurium contamination ofbroilers. Poultry Sci., 82, 1403–1406.Byrd, J. A., Burnham, M. R., McReynolds, J. L., Anderson, R. C., Genovese, K. J.,Callaway, T. R., Kubena, L. F. and Nisbet, D. J. (2008). Evaluation of anexperimental chlorate product as a preslaughter feed supplement to reduceSalmonella in meat-producing birds. Poult. Sci., 87, 1883–1888.Byrd, J. A., Hargis, B. M., Caldwell, D. J., Bailey, R. H., Herron, K. L., McReynolds, J. L.,Brewer, R. L., Anderson, R. C., Bischoff, K. M., Callaway, T. R. and Kubena, L. F.(2001). Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughterfeed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers. Poult.Sci., 80, 278–283.Calenge, F. et al. (2010). Genetic control of resistance to salmonellosis and to Salmonellacarrier-state in fowl: a review. Genet. Sel. Evol., Apr 29, 42, 11.Callaway, T. R., Anderson, R. C., Genovese, K. J., Poole, T. L., Anderson, T. J., Byrd, J. A.,Kubena, L. F. and Nisbet, D. J. (2002). Sodium chlorate supplementation reducesE. coli O157:H7 populations in cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 80, 1683–1689.
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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196Animal Waste, Water Quality and
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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