Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in livestock 143strategies targeted at specific-pathogen reductions; however, there are manypromising research avenues being currently pursued. General biosecurity andgood hygienic practices would be expected to reduce pathogen loads; however,there is limited information on the effectiveness of individual or packages ofmeasures against waterborne pathogens and even less on theircost-effectiveness. In developing countries, the pathogen load is probably muchhigher in animals; at the same time the awareness of the problem andinvestments in mitigation are much lower. The dichotomy between zoonosescontrol in the developed and developing world is widely acknowledged to be adisaster waiting to happen and recent years have seen expanding and convergingprogrammes on zoonoses control at national, regional and global levels. Thischapter has reviewed the current status of waterborne zoonoses control at thefarm level: future scanning would suggest that technology advances,demographic and societal change, and climate change may have majorrepercussions on farm-based strategies used to control zoonotic pathogens.REFERENCESAdams, L. G. and Templeton, J. W. (1998). Genetic resistance to bacterial diseases ofanimals. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot., 17, 200–219.Aguilar-Setien, A., Leon, Y. C., Tesoro, E. C., Kretschmer, R., Brochier, B. and Pastoret,P. P. (2002). Caccination of vampire bats using recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus.J. Wildl. Dis., 38(3), 539–544.Alt, D. P., Zuerner, R. L. and Bolin, C. A. (2001). Evaluation of antibodies for treatment ofcattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,219(5), 636–639.Atwill, E. R., Johnson, E., das Graças, C. and Pereira, M. (1999). Association of herdcomposition, stocking rate, and calving duration with fecal shedding ofCryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 215,1833–1838.Auld, H., MacIver, D. and Klaassen, J. (2004). Heavy rainfall and waterborne diseaseoutbreaks: the walkerton example. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A., 67, 1879–1887.Barber, M. R. and Fayer-Hoskan, R. A. (2000). Possible mechanisms of mammalianimmunocontraception. J. Reprod. Immunol., 46, 103–124.Anon, (2007). Reforming the food safety system: what if consolidation isn’t enough? Harv.Law. Rev., 120, 1345–1366.Argyle, D. J. (2005). The benefits of comparative medicine – a hundred years to come to oursenses. Vet. J., 70, 147–148.Babiuk, S., Asper, D. J., Rogan, D., Mutwiri, G. K. and Potter, A. A. (2008). Subcutaneousand intranasal immunization with type III secreted proteins can prevent colonizationand shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microb. Pathog., 45(1), 7–11.