Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loadsin livestockEdward R. Atwill, Xunde Li, Delia Grace andVictor Gannon3.1 INTRODUCTION3.1.1 ObjectivesThis chapter provides an overview on the prevalence and environmental load ofwaterborne zoonotic pathogens of public health importance shed in the excreta oflivestock. Chapter 2 presents the five zoonotic pathogens that will be reviewedin this book: Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Escherichia coliO157:H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter. These protozoa and bacteria areimportant disease-causing agents and satisfy the three criteria agreed to beclassified as priority one waterborne zoonotic pathogens associated withlivestock populations: capacity to induce clinical illness in susceptible humans,© 2012 World Health Organization (WHO). Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health. Editedby Al Dufour, Jamie Bartram, Robert Bos and Victor Gannon. ISBN: 9781780401232. Published byIWA Publishing, London, UK.
74Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Healthcapability to be transmitted to humans through water, and prevalence in a biologicalreservoir host including one or more livestock species. A biological reservoir isdefined as a host (in the context of this book: a livestock species) that allows thepathogen to amplify or reproduce and not merely pass through.Information on the prevalence, intensity and environmental load of these fivepathogens is presented along with methodological concerns on how we drawinferences from these measures of occurrence and the human health risk theyrepresent. Important aspects of the ecology and epidemiology of these fivepathogens in livestock populations are also discussed in as much as they may beuseful in the development of intervention strategies to limit their prevalence inlivestock and to reduce the risks of waterborne transmission to humans.3.1.2 Livestock status and trends in developed anddeveloping countriesAt the beginning of the 21st century, the volume and pace of expansion of theglobal livestock population is unprecedented. As a consequence, environmentalloads with livestock faeces are also unprecedented and this faecal materialpotentially contains the agents of waterborne zoonoses. The problem oflivestock-associated zoonoses starts with livestock populations, and we willbriefly review the current status of, and major trends in, these populations. In2007, the world population of domestic animals was estimated at 24 billion,out-numbering humans by nearly four to one (Table 3.1). The dramatic growthin animal husbandry is driven by the growth in the world population and therise in incomes in many emerging countries especially in Asia and SouthAmerica: the so-called “Livestock Revolution” (Delgado et al. 1999). Livestockproduction systems, both intensive and extensive, are present on a largepercentage of earth’s surface area; 26% of the earth’s terrestrial surface ispasture and 33% of global arable land is used to grow animal feed (FAO1996). Although livestock trade is growing, more than 90% of livestockproducts are consumed in the countries where they are produced so theproblem of livestock faecal load is essentially domestic. The lack of watertreatment facilities and widespread use of untreated wastewater in poorcountries suggest waterborne zoonoses may be a greater problem there thanthey are in high-income countries.The livestock sector is dichotomized into high-intensity production systems indeveloped countries and parts of Asia, and low-intensity production in the humidand sub-humid tropics (FAO 1996). An estimated 70% of poultry and 58% of pigsare raised in high-intensity systems (Robinson et al. 2011) but only a minority ofruminants. In contrast, the production of low-intensity systems is relatively small,
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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